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diff --git a/doc/TP1.html b/doc/TP1.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfb8def --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/TP1.html @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +<!-- -*- ispell-local-dictionary: "english" -*- --> +<html><head> +<title>Semantics and application to program verification, École normale supérieure, 2013-2014</title> +<meta name="author" content="Antoine Mine"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link rel="Stylesheet" title="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="TP1_files/preferred.css"> +<script src="TP1_files/main.js" type="text/javascript"></script> +</head> +<body> + +<h1>Semantics and application to program verification</h1> + +<div id="main"> + +<h2>TP1 - Denotational semantics</h2> + +<p> +The goal of this session is to program an interpreter to compute the denotational semantics of a simple language. +We will use OCaml. + + +</p><h3>Language</h3> + +<p> +Start by downloading the package: <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1.tgz">codeV1.tgz</a>. + +</p><p> +The package contains a parser for the language, programmed in OCamlLex and Menhir (<tt>lexer.mll</tt> and <tt>parser.mly</tt>). +The parser outputs an abstract syntax tree defined in <tt>abstract_syntax_tree.ml</tt>. +A pretty-printer, to print back an abstract syntax tree into the original language, is provided in <tt>abstract_syntax_printer.ml</tt>. +In <tt>main.ml</tt>, you will find a simple driver that takes a file name passed as argument, parses it, and prints it back. +Just typing <tt>make</tt> should compile the simple driver. + +</p><h4><a name="syntax">Syntax</a></h4> +<p> +The language is a very simple "curly brackets" <tt>C</tt>-like language. +A program is composed of a sequence of statements of the form: +</p><ul> +<li> assignment: <tt>var = expr;</tt> +</li><li> tests: <tt>if (expr) stat-1;</tt> or <tt>if (expr) stat-1; else stat-2;</tt> +</li><li> while loops: <tt>while (expr) stat;</tt> +</li><li> blocks in curly brackets <tt>{ stat-1; ... stat-n; }</tt> +</li></ul> +<p> +non-standard statements include: +</p><ul> +<li> assertions of boolean expressions: <tt>assert (expr);</tt> +</li><li> variable printing: <tt>print (var-1,...,var-n);</tt> +</li><li> failure: <tt>halt;</tt> which stops the program immediately +</li></ul> + +<p> +Expressions include: integer arithmetic operators: <tt>+</tt>, <tt>-</tt>, <tt>*</tt>, <tt>/</tt>, <tt>%</tt> (modulo); boolean operators: <tt>&&</tt> (and), <tt>||</tt> (or), <tt>!</tt> (negation); integer comparisons <tt><</tt>, <tt><=</tt>, <tt>></tt>, <tt>>=</tt>. +Equality <tt>==</tt> and disequality <tt>!=</tt> can be used to compare either two integers or two boolean values. +Constants include integers, and the boolean constants <tt>true</tt> and <tt>false</tt>. +Finally, <tt>rand(l,h)</tt> denotes the non-deterministic interval of integers between the constant <tt>l</tt> and the constant <tt>h</tt>. +You can use <tt>/* ... */</tt> and <tt>//</tt> comments. +You can use parentheses and the operators have their usual precedence. + +</p><p> +Unlike <tt>C</tt>, variables do not need to be declared; they start existing when first assigned a value. +There are no local variables nor functions (see the extension part). + +</p><h4>Semantics</h4> + +<p> +Variables have no type and can hold either an integer or a boolean +value. +Subsequently, we do not distinguish statically between boolean and +integer expressions: only values have a type. +It is an error to use operators with values of the wrong type, such as +adding two boolean values. +This is detected at run-time, when evaluating the expression in the +current environment. +Other run-time errors include: divisions and modulos by zero; using a +non-boolean value in tests, loops and assert conditions; using a +variable that has never been assigned to; asserting a condition that is +false; executing the <tt>halt</tt> statement. + + +</p><h3>Deterministic semantics</h3> + +<p> +We first consider the deterministic subset of the language, i.e., we ignore the <tt>AST_int_rand</tt> expression node for now. + +</p><p> +<b>Write an interpreter that executes the program by induction on the +syntax of statements and expressions; it returns either an environment +mapping variables to values, or an error.</b> + +</p><p> +You can use the following steps: +</p><ol> +<li> Define a type <tt>ival</tt> for values. It should contain integers, + booleans and errors. +You can use a string representation for errors, which will give the user + some information on the location and cause of the error. +To avoid possible overflow in arithmetic, you can use the <tt>ZArith</tt> OCaml library (its API is similar to that of <tt>Int32</tt> and <tt>Int64</tt>; the module is called <tt>Z</tt>). +</li><li> Define a type <tt>env</tt> for environments. You can use the <tt>Map</tt> + functor from the standard OCaml library to represent mappings from +variables to (non-erroneous) values. In addition to such mappings, an <tt>env</tt> object can also represent an error. The initial environment is an empty map (no variable). +</li><li> Write an expression evaluation function <tt>eval_expr: env -> expr ext -> ival</tt> by induction on the syntax of expressions. +It returns an error if its <tt>env</tt> argument is an error +(strictness) or if an error is detected in the expression evaluation, +which then percolates to the expression root. +Avoid using OCaml exceptions to propagate errors in the function: it +will only make the construction of the non-deterministic version more +painful! +</li><li> Write a statement evaluation function <tt>eval_stat: env -> stat ext -> env</tt>. +When should the function return an error environment? +</li><li> +Test your interpreter on the programs from the <tt>examples</tt> directory. +Can you detect infinite loops in <tt>loop.c</tt>, <tt>loop2.c</tt>, and <tt>loop3.c</tt>? +Under which condition does your interpreter terminate? +</li></ol> + +<p class="framed"> +<b>new</b>: correction available in <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/correction/interp_det.ml">interp_det.ml</a>. +(The correction uses abstract syntax trees from the extended language in <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1x.tgz">codeV1x.tgz</a>) + +</p><h3>Non-deterministic semantics</h3> + +<p> +We now consider the full language including the non-deterministic expression node <tt>rand(l,h)</tt>. + +</p><p> +<b>Write an interpreter for this language that outputs the set of all +possible environments at the end of the program as well as the set of +all errors that can be encountered.</b> + +</p><p> +The structure of the interpreter will be similar to the one in the previous question. +You can use the following steps: +</p><ol> +<li> Define a type <tt>ivalset</tt> to represent sets of values <tt>ival</tt> (including errors). +You can use OCaml's standard <tt>Set</tt> functor. +</li><li> Define a type <tt>envset</tt> to represent sets of environments (including errors). +</li><li> Program a function <tt>eval_expr: env -> expr ext -> ivalset</tt> + to evaluate an expression in a single environment and return the set of + its possible values in the environment. +When encountering a unary node, the operator must be applied to each +possible value of its argument expression; you can use iterators such as + <tt>fold</tt>. +Binary nodes require nested <tt>fold</tt>. +</li><li> Program a filter function <tt>filter: envset -> expr ext -> envset</tt> that returns the subset of its <tt>envset</tt> argument that can satisfy the expression, enriched with the errors encountered during the expression evaluation. +This function will be useful to model loops, tests and assertions. +Remember that an environment can satisfy both an expression and its negation! +</li><li> Program a generic fixpoint operator <tt>fix: ('a -> 'a) -> 'a -> 'a</tt> that iterates a function from a base element to reach a fixpoint. +Use it then in the semantics of loops. +</li><li> +Test your interpreter on the <tt>examples</tt> directory, including non-deterministic programs such as <tt>gcd_nd.c</tt> and <tt>loop4.c</tt>. +</li></ol> + +<p class="framed"> +<b>new</b>: correction available in <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/correction/interp_ndet.ml">interp_ndet.ml</a>. +(The correction uses abstract syntax trees from the extended language in <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1x.tgz">codeV1x.tgz</a>) + + + +</p><h3>Extensions</h3> + +<p> +You will find in <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1x.tgz">codeV1x.tgz</a> + an extension of the language with the following additional constructs: +variable declarations (global and local), procedures and functions, <tt>break</tt> and <tt>return</tt> statements, labels and <tt>goto</tt> + statements. +The language is completely backward compatible with the simpler one. +The abstract syntax tree also enriches the previous one with new kinds +of nodes, so that you can simply reuse your interpreter and extend it to + support some or all of the new constructs. + +<br><br> +</p><hr> +<br> +<p> +Author: <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine">Antoine Miné</a> +<br><br> + + +</p></div> + + + + +</body></html>
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/doc/enonce.html b/doc/enonce.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9948e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/enonce.html @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +<!-- -*- ispell-local-dictionary: "english" -*- --> +<html><head> +<title>Semantics and application to program verification, École normale supérieure, 2013-2014</title> +<meta name="author" content="Antoine Mine"> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link rel="Stylesheet" title="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="enonce_files/preferred.css"> +<script src="enonce_files/main.js" type="text/javascript"></script> +</head> +<body> + +<h1>Semantics and application to program verification</h1> + +<div id="main"> + +<h2>Project</h2> + +<p> +The goal of the project is to write a simple static analyzer by abstract + interpretation in OCaml to discover automatically numeric invariants +about the variables of programs written in a simple programming +language. + +</p><p> +The project is due on the day of the exam, on <b>May the 28th</b>. +The project should be sent by email to the teachers. + +</p><h3>Result</h3> + +<p> +For the project, you should deliver an archive that contains the following items: +</p><ul> +<li> the source code of the static analyzer, well-commented and complete with a Makefile; +</li><li> a report of 4 pages or more that describes the language +features supported, the choices in semantics and implementation (if +any), the usage of the analyzer; it must also discuss the result of a +few analysis tests (we provide some <a href="#testing">tests</a> that you can use). +</li></ul> + + +<h3><a name="features">Required features</a></h3> + +<h4>Input language</h4> + +<p> +The input language can be based on the language used in the lab session, + or you can design your own language with similar features. +To get started, you can download the <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1x.tgz">codeV1x.tgz</a> package (see the <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/denotational.html#syntax">first practical session</a> for an explanation of the syntax of the language). + +</p><p> +More precisely, the language must feature at least: +</p><ul> +<li> blocks (nested sequences of instructions); +</li><li> declarations of variables of integer type, with proper scoping with respect to blocks <span class="com">(to simplify, you can assume that all variable names are distinct)</span>; +</li><li> assignments of integer expressions, with the standard arithmetic operators: <tt>+</tt>, <tt>-</tt>, <tt>*</tt> <span class="com">(and optionally division <tt>/</tt> and modulo <tt>%</tt>)</span>; +</li><li> if-then-else instructions, using boolean expressions containing integer comparisons (<tt>==</tt>, <tt>!=</tt>, <tt><</tt>, <tt>></tt>, <tt><=</tt>, <tt>>=</tt>) and boolean operators (<tt>&&</tt>, <tt>||</tt>, <tt>!</tt>) <span class="com">(support for boolean variables is not required)</span>; +</li><li> while loops; +</li><li> a non-deterministic operation, such as <tt>rand(l,h)</tt> in integer expressions; +</li><li> an <tt>assert</tt> instruction, that checks the validity of a boolean expression; +</li><li> a <tt>print</tt> instruction, that takes as argument a list of variables and prints their value. +</li></ul> + +<p> +<span class="com">(You are free to reject programs using other language +constructions, such as functions, non-integer variable declarations, +gotos, etc.)</span> + +</p><h4>Analysis</h4> + +<p> +The analyzer should contain an iterator that analyzes the program +forwards, by induction on the abstract syntax tree. +Loops can be unrolled a fixed number of times (e.g., 3 times), but you +should ultimately use iterations with widening in order to always +terminate for domains with infinite increasing chains. +To increase the precision, the first few (e.g., 3) applications of the +widening may be replaced with a join. + +</p><p> +The analysis should be parametric in the choice of a numeric abstract domain. +At least the <b>three</b> following domains must be provided: +</p><ul> +<li> the <b>constant domain</b>, that you should implement yourself; +</li><li> the <b>interval domain</b>, that you should also implement yourself; +</li><li> the <b>polyhedra domain</b>, which calls the <a href="http://apron.cri.ensmp.fr/library/0.9.10/mlapronidl">Apron library</a> to perform the abstract operations <span class="com">(you are not asked to implement the polyhedra operators yourself)</span>. +</li></ul> + +<p> +Depending on the domain, at least the following kinds of expressions should be handled precisely: +</p><ul> +<li> in assignments: all arithmetic expressions for the constant and interval domains; affine expressions for polyhedra; +</li><li> in the conditions of if-then-else and while instructions: for +polyhedra, boolean formulas whose atoms are affine constraints; for +constants and intervals, boolean formulas whose atoms are simple +comparisons between two variables or between a variable and a constant. +</li></ul> + +<p> +All the expressions allowed in the program syntax must be handled (no +"not implemented" exception); however, any expression not belonging to +the above categories may be handled in a coarse way (e.g., considering +assignments as non-deterministic and ignoring conditions). + +</p><h4>Output</h4> + +<p> +The analysis should at least output a textual file containing: +</p><ul> +<li> a list of the assertions that cannot be proved to hold, and their location; +</li><li> for each <tt>print</tt> instruction, the invariant found for the specified variables at the location of the instruction. +</li></ul> + +<p> +For debugging, it can be useful to implement a <i>trace mode</i> that outputs the abstract element computed at each step of the analysis. + +</p><h4><a name="testing">Tests</a></h4> + +<p> +To help you test your analyzer, we provide a <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/tests.tgz">set of small test programs</a>, + written in the small language used in the practical sessions. +We also provide the output of their analysis using our reference +analyzer, so that you can easily check the correctness and the precision + of your analyzer. + +</p><h3><a name="extensions">Extensions</a></h3> + +<p> +In addition to the mandatory features described above, you may implement one or several extensions, such as for instance: +</p><ul> +<li> functions and function calls <span class="com">(without recursion)</span>; +</li><li> checks for arithmetic overflows and divisions by zero errors in expressions; +</li><li> other numeric abstract domains <span class="com">(such as non-relational integer congruences, or linear equalities)</span>; +</li><li> several types of numeric variables <span class="com">(such as rationals or floating-point numbers, which are supported directly by Apron)</span>; +</li><li> boolean variables <span class="com">(you can handle them as integer variables that can only take two values: 0 for false, and 1 for true)</span>; +</li><li> arrays <span class="com">(each array can be abstracted by a single variable, and assignments result in weak updates); +</span></li><li> non-local control-flow instructions, such as <tt>break</tt> and <tt>continue</tt> in loops, forward <tt>goto</tt>, or even arbitrary <tt>goto</tt>; +</li><li> a backward analysis <span class="com">(find necessary conditions on the start of the program so that all assertions are satisfied)</span>; +</li><li> a nicer presentation for the output of the analysis, such as a graphical visualisation of numeric invariants <span class="com">(particularly useful for polyhedra in 2D or 3D)</span>; +</li><li> any extension of your choice. +</li></ul> + +<h3><a name="doc">Resources</a></h3> + +<h4>Files</h4> +<ul> +<li> <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1x.tgz">codeV1x.tgz</a>: language parser; +</li><li> <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/tests.tgz">tests.tgz</a>: some programs to test your analyzer. +</li></ul> + +<h4>Documentation</h4> +<ul> +<li> <a href="http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/manual-ocaml"><b>OCaml</b></a> programming language; +</li><li> <a href="http://gallium.inria.fr/%7Efpottier/menhir"><b>Menhir</b></a> parser generator; +</li><li> <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/doc-zarith"><b>ZArith</b></a> arbitrary precision number library; +</li><li> <a href="http://apron.cri.ensmp.fr/library/0.9.10/mlapronidl"><b>Apron</b></a> abstract domain library; +</li><li> <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/doc-mapext/index.html"><b>Mapext</b></a> maps with some additional useful functions (the source code is included in the <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine/enseignement/l3/codeV1x.tgz">codeV1x.tgz</a> bundle). +</li></ul> + +<p> +</p><hr> +<br> +<p> +Author: <a href="http://www.di.ens.fr/%7Emine">Antoine Miné</a> +<br><br> + +</p></div> + + + + +</body></html>
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