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diff --git a/content/blog/2022-perf/index.md b/content/blog/2022-perf/index.md index 39520a4..a9dd598 100644 --- a/content/blog/2022-perf/index.md +++ b/content/blog/2022-perf/index.md @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ cluster. Furthermore, we only benchmarked some very specific aspects of Garage: our results are thus not an evaluation of the performance of Garage as a whole. For some benchmarks, we used Minio as a reference. It must be noted that we did -not try to optimize its configuration as we have done on Garage, and more +not try to optimize its configuration as we have done for Garage, and more generally, we have way less knowledge on Minio than on Garage, which can lead to underrated performance measurements for Minio. It must also be noted that Garage and Minio are systems with different feature sets. For instance Minio supports @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ erasure coding for higher data density, which Garage doesn't, Minio implements way more S3 endpoints than Garage, etc. Such features necessarily have a cost that you must keep in mind when reading the plots we will present. You should consider results on Minio as a way to contextualize our results on Garage, to see that our improvements -are not artificial compared to existing object storage implementations. +are not artificial in the light of existing object storage implementations. The impact of the testing environment is also not evaluated (kernel patches, configuration, parameters, filesystem, hardware configuration, etc.). Some of @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ We made a first batch of tests on [Grid5000](https://www.grid5000.fr/w/Grid5000:Home), a large-scale and flexible testbed for experiment-driven research in all areas of computer science, which has an -[Open Access program](https://www.grid5000.fr/w/Grid5000:Open-Access). +[open access program](https://www.grid5000.fr/w/Grid5000:Open-Access). During our tests, we used part of the following clusters: [nova](https://www.grid5000.fr/w/Lyon:Hardware#nova), [paravance](https://www.grid5000.fr/w/Rennes:Hardware#paravance), and @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ The main purpose of an object storage system is to store and retrieve objects across the network, and the faster these two functions can be accomplished, the more efficient the system as a whole will be. For this analysis, we focus on 2 aspects of performance. First, since many applications can start processing a file -before receiving it completely, we will evaluate the Time-to-First-Byte (TTFB) +before receiving it completely, we will evaluate the time-to-first-byte (TTFB) on GetObject requests, i.e. the duration between the moment a request is sent and the moment where the first bytes of the returned object are received by the client. Second, we will evaluate generic throughput, to understand how well @@ -103,17 +103,17 @@ web endpoints, with the idea to make it a platform of choice to publish static websites. When publishing a website, TTFB can be directly observed by the end user, as it will impact the perceived reactivity of the websites. -Up to version 0.7.3, Time-to-First-Byte on Garage used to be relatively high. +Up to version 0.7.3, time-to-first-byte on Garage used to be relatively high. This can be explained by the fact that Garage was not able to handle data internally at a smaller granularity level than entire data blocks, which are 1MB chunks of a given object -(this is [configurable](https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/documentation/reference-manual/configuration/#block-size)). +(a size which [can be configured](https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/documentation/reference-manual/configuration/#block-size)). Let us take the example of a 4.5MB object, which Garage will split into 4 blocks of 1MB and 1 block of 0.5MB. With the old design, when you were sending a `GET` request, the first block had to be fully retrieved by the gateway node from the storage node before starting to send any data to the client. -With Garage v0.8, we integrated a block streaming logic that allows the gateway -to send the beginning of a block without having to wait for the full block from +With Garage v0.8, we integrated a data streaming logic that allows the gateway +to send the beginning of a block without having to wait for the full block to be received from the storage node. We can visually represent the difference as follow: <center> @@ -138,23 +138,23 @@ whose results are shown on the following figure:  Garage v0.7, which does not support block streaming, gives us a TTFB between 1.6s -and 2s, which corresponds to the time to transfer the full block which we calculated before. +and 2s, which corresponds to the time to transfer the full block which we calculated above. On the other side of the plot, we can see Garage v0.8 with a very low TTFB thanks to the streaming feature (the lowest value is 43ms). Minio sits between the two Garage versions: we suppose that it does some form of batching, but smaller than 1MB. **Throughput** - As soon as we publicly released Garage, people started -benchmarking it, comparing its performances with writing directly on the +benchmarking it, comparing its performances to writing directly on the filesystem, and observed that Garage was slower (eg. [#288](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/288)). To improve the -situation, we did some optimizations, such as putting costly processing like hashing on a dedicated thread +situation, we did some optimizations, such as putting costly processing like hashing on a dedicated thread, and many others ([#342](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/342), -[#343](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/343)) which lead us to +[#343](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/343)), which led us to version 0.8 "Beta 1". We also noticed that some of the logic logic we wrote to better control resource usage -and detect errors, like semaphores or timeouts, was artificially limiting +and detect errors, including semaphores and timeouts, was artificially limiting performances. In another iteration, we made this logic less restrictive at the cost of higher resource consumption under load ([#387](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/387)), resulting in @@ -170,16 +170,16 @@ write directly to the disk when a process creates or updates a file in your filesystem. Instead, the write is kept in memory, and flushed later in a batch with other writes. If a power loss occurs before the OS has time to flush data to disk, some writes will be lost. To ensure that a write is effectively -written on disk, the +written to disk, the [`fsync(2)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/fsync.2.html) system call must be used, -which blocks until the file or directory on which it is called has been written from volatile +which blocks until the file or directory on which it is called has been flushed from volatile memory to the persistent storage device. Additionally, the exact semantic of `fsync` [differs from one OS to another](https://mjtsai.com/blog/2022/02/17/apple-ssd-benchmarks-and-f_fullsync/) and, even on battle-tested software like Postgres, it was ["done wrong for 20 years"](https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/postgresql_fsync/). Note that on Garage, we are currently working on our `fsync` policy and thus, for now, you should expect limited data durability in case of power loss, as we are -aware of some inconsistency on this point (which we describe in the following +aware of some inconsistencies on this point (which we describe in the following and plan to solve).* To assess performance improvements, we used the benchmark tool @@ -191,10 +191,10 @@ performance with a standardized and mixed workload.  Minio, our reference point, gives us the best performances in this test. -Looking at Garage, we observe that each improvement we made has a visible +Looking at Garage, we observe that each improvement we made had a visible impact on performances. We also note that we have a progress margin in terms of performances compared to Minio: additional benchmarks, tests, and -monitoring could help better understand the remaining difference. +monitoring could help us better understand the remaining difference. ## A myriad of objects @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ communicates about Ceph being able to handle 10 billion objects. All these objects must be tracked efficiently in the system to be fetched, listed, removed, etc. In Garage, we use a "metadata engine" component to track them. For this analysis, we compare different metadata engines in Garage and see how -well the best one scale to a million objects. +well the best one scales to a million objects. **Testing metadata engines** - With Garage, we chose not to store metadata directly on the filesystem, like Minio for example, but in a specialized on-disk @@ -222,11 +222,11 @@ are both experimental: contrarily to sled, we have never run them in production for a long time.** Similarly to the impact of `fsync` on block writing, each database engine we use -has its own policy with `fsync`. Sled flushes its write every 2 seconds by -default, this is +has its own policy with `fsync`. Sled flushes its writes every 2 seconds by +default (this is [configurable](https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/documentation/reference-manual/configuration/#sled-flush-every-ms)). -LMDB by default does an `fsync` on each write, which on early tests led to very -slow resynchronizations between nodes. We thus added 2 flags, +LMDB by default does an `fsync` on each write, which on early tests led to +abysmal performance. We thus added 2 flags, [MDB\_NOSYNC](http://www.lmdb.tech/doc/group__mdb__env.html#ga5791dd1adb09123f82dd1f331209e12e) and [MDB\_NOMETASYNC](http://www.lmdb.tech/doc/group__mdb__env.html#ga5021c4e96ffe9f383f5b8ab2af8e4b16), @@ -234,14 +234,15 @@ to deactivate `fsync`. On SQLite, it is also possible to deactivate `fsync` with `pragma synchronous = off`, but we have not started any optimization work on it yet: our SQLite implementation currently calls `fsync` for all write operations. Additionally, we are using these engines through Rust bindings that do not support async Rust, -with which Garage is built. **Our comparison will therefore not reflect the raw performances of +with which Garage is built, which has an impact on performance as well. +**Our comparison will therefore not reflect the raw performances of these database engines, but instead, our integration choices.** Still, we think it makes sense to evaluate our implementations in their current state in Garage. We designed a benchmark that is intensive on the metadata part of the software, i.e. handling large numbers of tiny files. We chose again -`minio/warp` as a benchmark tool but we -configured it with the smallest possible object size it supported, 256 +`minio/warp` as a benchmark tool, but we +configured it here with the smallest possible object size it supported, 256 bytes, to put some pressure on the metadata engine. We evaluated sled twice: with its default configuration, and with a configuration where we set a flush interval of 10 minutes to disable `fsync`. @@ -261,19 +262,19 @@ disk storage and RAM; we would like to quantify that in the future. As we are only at the very beginning of our work on metadata engines, it is hard to draw strong conclusions. Still, we can say that SQLite is not ready for production workloads, and that LMDB looks very promising both in terms of performances and resource -usage, and is a very good candidate for being Garage's default metadata engine in the -future. In the future, we will need to define a data policy for Garage to help us -arbitrate between performances and durability. +usage, and is a very good candidate for being Garage's default metadata engine in +future releases. In the future, we will need to define a data policy for Garage to help us +arbitrate between performance and durability. *To `fsync` or not to `fsync`? Performance is nothing without reliability, so we -need to better assess the impact of validating a write and then possibly losing it. +need to better assess the impact of possibly losing a write after it has been validated. Because Garage is a distributed system, even if a node loses its write due to a -power loss, it will fetch it back from the 2 other nodes storing it. But rare -situations can occur, where 1 node is down and the 2 others validated the write and then -lost power. What is our policy in this case? For storage durability, +power loss, it will fetch it back from the 2 other nodes that store it. But rare +situations can occur where 1 node is down and the 2 others validate the write and then +lose power before having time to flush to disk. What is our policy in this case? For storage durability, we are already supposing that we never lose the storage of more than 2 nodes, so should we also make the hypothesis that we won't lose power on more than 2 nodes at the same -time? What should we think about people hosting all their nodes at the same +time? What should we do about people hosting all of their nodes at the same place without an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)? Historically, it seems that Minio developers also accepted some compromises on this side ([#3536](https://github.com/minio/minio/issues/3536), @@ -286,7 +287,7 @@ only data and not metadata is persisted on disk - in combination with **Storing a million objects** - Object storage systems are designed not only for data durability and availability but also for scalability, so naturally, -some people asked us how scalable Garage is. If answering this +some people asked us how scalable Garage is. If giving a definitive answer to this question is out of the scope of this study, we wanted to be sure that our metadata engine would be able to scale to a million objects. To put this target in context, it remains small compared to other industrial solutions: @@ -300,10 +301,10 @@ We wrote our own benchmarking tool for this test, The benchmark procedure consists in concurrently sending a defined number of tiny objects (8192 objects of 16 bytes by default) and measuring the time it takes. This step is then repeated a given -number of times (128 by default) to effectively create a certain target number of +number of times (128 by default) to effectively create a target number of objects on the cluster (1M by default). On our local setup with 3 nodes, both Minio and Garage with LMDB were able to achieve this target. In the -following plot, we show how much time it took to Garage and Minio to handle +following plot, we show how much time it took Garage and Minio to handle each batch. Before looking at the plot, **you must keep in mind some important points about @@ -312,14 +313,14 @@ the internals of both Minio and Garage**. Minio has no metadata engine, it stores its objects directly on the filesystem. Sending 1 million objects on Minio results in creating one million inodes on the storage server in our current setup. So the performances of the filesystem -will probably substantially impact the results we will observe. +probably have substantial impact on the results we observe. In our precise setup, we know that the filesystem we used is not adapted at all for Minio (encryption layer, fixed number of inodes, etc.). Additionally, we mentioned earlier that we deactivated `fsync` for our metadata engine in Garage, whereas Minio has some `fsync` logic here slowing down the -creation of objects. Finally, object storage is designed for big objects: the -costs measured here are negligible for bigger objects. In the end, again, we use Minio as a -reference to understand what is our performance budget for each part of our +creation of objects. Finally, object storage is designed for big objects, for which the +costs measured here are negligible. In the end, again, we use Minio as a +reference point to understand what performance budget we have for each part of our software. Conversely, Garage has an optimization for small objects. Below 3KB, a separate file is @@ -334,8 +335,8 @@ metadata engine and thus focus only on 16-byte objects. It appears that the performances of our metadata engine are acceptable, as we have a comfortable margin compared to Minio (Minio is between 3x and 4x times slower per batch). We also note that, past the 200k objects mark, Minio's -time to complete a batch of inserts is constant, while on Garage it is still increasing on the observed range. -It could be interesting to know if Garage batch's completion time would cross Minio's one +time to complete a batch of inserts is constant, while on Garage it still increases on the observed range. +It could be interesting to know if Garage's batch completion time would cross Minio's one for a very large number of objects. If we reason per object, both Minio's and Garage's performances remain very good: it takes respectively around 20ms and 5ms to create an object. At 100 Mbps, the upload of a 10MB file takes @@ -348,17 +349,17 @@ Let us now focus on Garage's metrics only to better see its specific behavior:  -Two effects are now more visible: 1., increasing batch completion time increases with the +Two effects are now more visible: 1., batch completion time increases with the number of objects in the bucket and 2., measurements are dispersed, at least more than for Minio. We expect this batch completion time increase to be logarithmic, but we don't have enough data points to conclude safety: additional measurements are needed. Concerning the observed instability, it could be a symptom of what we saw with some other experiments in this machine, which sometimes freezes under heavy I/O load. Such freezes could lead to -request timeouts and failures. If this occurs on our testing computer, it will -occur on other servers too: it would be interesting to better understand this -issue, document how to avoid it, and potentially change how we handle our I/O. At the same -time, this was a very stressful test that will probably not be encountered in +request timeouts and failures. If this occurs on our testing computer, it might +occur on other servers as well: it would be interesting to better understand this +issue, document how to avoid it, and potentially change how we handle our I/O +internally in Garage. But still, this was a very stressful test that will probably not be encountered in many setups: we were adding 273 objects per second for 30 minutes straight! To conclude this part, Garage can ingest 1 million tiny objects while remaining @@ -366,16 +367,16 @@ usable on our local setup. To put this result in perspective, our production cluster at [deuxfleurs.fr](https://deuxfleurs) smoothly manages a bucket with 116k objects. This bucket contains real-world production data: it is used by our Matrix instance to store people's media files (profile pictures, shared pictures, videos, -audios, documents...). Thanks to this benchmark, we have identified two points +audio files, documents...). Thanks to this benchmark, we have identified two points of vigilance: the increase of batch insert time with the number of existing objects in the cluster in the observed range, and the volatility in our measured data that could be a symptom of our system freezing under the load. Despite these two -points, we are confident that Garage could scale way above 1M+ objects, although +points, we are confident that Garage could scale way above 1M objects, although that remains to be proven. ## In an unpredictable world, stay resilient -Supporting a variety of network properties and computers, especially ones that +Supporting a variety of real-world networks and computers, especially ones that were not designed for software-defined storage or even for server purposes, is the core value proposition of Garage. For example, our production cluster is hosted [on refurbished Lenovo Thinkcentre Tiny desktop computers](https://guide.deuxfleurs.fr/img/serv_neptune.jpg) @@ -387,8 +388,8 @@ latency and the number of nodes in the cluster impact the duration of the most important kinds of S3 requests. **Latency amplification** - With the kind of networks we use (consumer-grade -fiber links across the EU), the observed latency is in the 50ms range between -nodes. When latency is not negligible, you will observe that request completion +fiber links across the EU), the observed latency between nodes is in the 50ms range. +When latency is not negligible, you will observe that request completion time is a factor of the observed latency. That's to be expected: in many cases, the node of the cluster you are contacting can not directly answer your request, and has to reach other nodes of the cluster to get the requested information. Each @@ -403,7 +404,7 @@ from storage nodes. We can therefore expect that the request duration of a small GetObject request will be close to twice the network latency. -We tested this theory with another benchmark of our own named +We tested the latency amplification theory with another benchmark of our own named [s3lat](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/mknet/src/branch/main/benchmarks/s3lat) which does a single request at a time on an endpoint and measures its response time. As we are not interested in bandwidth but latency, all our requests @@ -420,7 +421,7 @@ v0.8.0 Beta 1 here). Compared to Minio, these values are either similar (for ListObjects and ListBuckets) or way better (for GetObject, PutObject, and RemoveObject). This can be easily understood by the fact that Minio has not been designed for environments with high latencies. Instead, it expects to run on clusters that are built -in a singe data center. In a multi-DC setup, different clusters could then possibly be interconnected them with their asynchronous +in a singe data center. In a multi-DC setup, different clusters could then possibly be interconnected with their asynchronous [bucket replication](https://min.io/docs/minio/linux/administration/bucket-replication.html?ref=docs-redirect) feature. @@ -443,7 +444,7 @@ This test was ran directly on Grid5000 with 6 physical servers spread in 3 locations in France: Lyon, Rennes, and Nantes. On each server, we ran up to 65 instances of Garage simultaneously, for a total of 390 nodes. The network between physical servers is the dedicated network provided by -the Grid5000 operators. Nodes on the same physical machine communicate directly +the Grid5000 community. Nodes on the same physical machine communicate directly through the Linux network stack without any limitation. We are aware that this is a weakness of this test, but we still think that this test can be relevant as, at each step in the test, each instance of Garage has 83% (5/6) of its connections @@ -487,8 +488,10 @@ terabytes of data and billions of objects on long-lasting experiments. In the meantime, stay tuned: we have released [a first release candidate for Garage v0.8](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/releases/tag/v0.8.0-rc1), -and we are working on proving and explaining our layout algorithm -([#296](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/296)), we are also +and are already working on a number of features for the next version. +For instance, we are working on a new layout that will have enhanced optimality properties, +as well as a theoretical proof of correctness +([#296](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/296)). We are also working on a Python SDK for Garage's administration API ([#379](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/379)), and we will soon officially introduce a new API (as a technical preview) named K2V |