Better sprintf, vsprintf, String::sprintf, etc.

17 files changed, 293 insertions, 243 deletions

diff --git a/src/user/app/yosh/main.cpp b/src/user/app/yosh/main.cpp
index 6277701..37b557d 100644
--- a/src/user/app/yosh/main.cpp
+++ b/src/user/app/yosh/main.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <IO/IOStream.h>
 
 FILE cwd_f;
-char *cwd;
+String cwd;
 
 void about() {
 	stdio << "Trivial/Computing Environment v0.1.0 - yosh 3.\n";
@@ -35,117 +35,27 @@ void help(String *args) {
 	}
 }
 
-void simplify_path(char* p) {
-	char *it = p;
-	char *member = it;
-	while (*it != 0) {
-		if (*it == '/') {
-			if (it == member && it != p) {
-				// two consecutive slashes
-				char *i = member;
-				while (1) {
-					i[0] = i[1];
-					if (i[0] == 0) break;
-					i++;
-				}
-			} else {
-				*it = 0;
-				if (libc::strcmp(member, ".") == 0) {
-					char *i = member;
-					while (1) {
-						i[0] = i[2];
-						if (i[0] == 0) break;
-						i++;
-					}
-				} else if (libc::strcmp(member, "..") == 0) {
-					*it = '/';
-					char* start = member - 2;
-					char* next = member + 3;
-					while (start > p && *start != '/') {
-						start--;
-					}
-					start++;
-					it = member = start;
-					while (1) {
-						*start = *next;
-						if (*start == 0) break;
-						start++;
-						next++;
-					}
-				} else {
-					*it = '/';
-					it++;
-					member = it;
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			it++;
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-char* path_cat (char* a, char* b, bool trailing_slash = true) {
-	char* ret;
-	if (b[0] == '/') {
-		int lb = libc::strlen(b);
-		ret = (char*)malloc(lb + 2);
-		libc::memcpy(ret, b, lb);
-		if (ret[lb - 1] != '/') {
-			ret[lb] = '/';
-			lb++;
-		}
-		ret[lb] = 0;
-	} else {
-		int la = libc::strlen(a);
-		int lb = libc::strlen(b);
-
-		ret = (char*)malloc(la + lb + 3);
-		libc::memcpy(ret, a, la);
-		if (ret[la-1] != '/') {
-			ret[la] = '/';
-			la++;
-		}
-		libc::memcpy(ret + la, b, lb);
-		if (ret[la + lb - 1] != '/') {
-			ret[la + lb] = '/';
-			lb++;
-		}
-		ret[la + lb] = 0;
-	}
-	simplify_path(ret);
-	if (!trailing_slash) {
-		int l = libc::strlen(ret);
-		if (ret[l-1] == '/') ret[l-1] = 0;
-	}
-	return ret;
-}
-
 void cd(String *args) {
 	if (!args[1]) {
 		stdio << "Usage: cd <directory>\n";
 	}
 	if (args[1] == ".") return;
 
-	char* newcwd = path_cat(cwd, args[1].c_str());
+	String newcwd = path_cat(cwd, args[1]);
 
 	file_info info;
-	int i = libc::stat(newcwd, &info);
+	int i = libc::stat(newcwd.c_str(), &info);
 	if (i == E_NOT_FOUND) {
 		stdio << "No such file or directory.\n";
-		free(newcwd);
 	} else if (i < 0) {
 		stdio.printf("Error stating: %i\n", i);
-		free(newcwd);
 	} else if ((info.type & FT_DIR) == 0) {
 		stdio << "Not a directory.\n";
-		free(newcwd);
 	} else {
-		FILE nf = libc::open(newcwd, 0);
+		FILE nf = libc::open(newcwd.c_str(), 0);
 		if (nf < 0) {
 			stdio.printf("Error opening: %i\n", nf);
-			free(newcwd);
 		} else {
-			free(cwd);
 			cwd = newcwd;
 			libc::close(cwd_f);
 			cwd_f = nf;
@@ -192,9 +102,9 @@ void ls(String *args) {
 		int i;
 		for (i = 1; args[i]; i++) {
 			stdio.printf("Contents of %s :\n", args[i].c_str());
-			char* d = path_cat(cwd, args[i].c_str());
+			String d = path_cat(cwd, args[i].c_str());
 			file_info info;
-			int e = libc::stat(d, &info);
+			int e = libc::stat(d.c_str(), &info);
 			if (e == E_NOT_FOUND) {
 				stdio << "  No such file or directory\n";
 			} else if (e < 0) {
@@ -202,7 +112,7 @@ void ls(String *args) {
 			} else if ((info.type & FT_DIR) == 0) {
 				stdio.printf("  Not a directory.\n");
 			} else {
-				FILE ff = libc::open(d, 0);
+				FILE ff = libc::open(d.c_str(), 0);
 				if (ff < 0) {
 					stdio.printf("  Error opening: %i\n", ff);
 				} else {
@@ -210,7 +120,6 @@ void ls(String *args) {
 					libc::close(ff);
 				}
 			}
-			free(d);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -218,17 +127,17 @@ void ls(String *args) {
 void cat(String *args) {
 	int i;
 	for (i = 1; args[i]; i++) {
-		char *d = path_cat(cwd, args[i].c_str(), false);
+		String d = path_cat(cwd, args[i], false);
 		file_info info;
-		int e = libc::stat(d, &info);
+		int e = libc::stat(d.c_str(), &info);
 		if (e == E_NOT_FOUND) {
-			stdio.printf("No such file: %s\n", d);
+			stdio.printf("No such file: %s\n", d.c_str());
 		} else if (e < 0) {
-			stdio.printf("Error stating %s : %i\n", d, e);
+			stdio.printf("Error stating %s : %i\n", d.c_str(), e);
 		} else if ((info.type & FT_FILE) == 0) {
-			stdio.printf("Not a file: %s\n", d);
+			stdio.printf("Not a file: %s\n", d.c_str());
 		} else {
-			FILE ff = libc::open(d, 0);
+			FILE ff = libc::open(d.c_str(), 0);
 			char* buff = (char*)malloc(info.size);
 			libc::read(ff, 0, info.size, buff);
 			libc::close(ff);
@@ -243,10 +152,10 @@ void t_goto(String *args) {
 		stdio << "Usage: goto <vt_name>\n";
 		return;
 	}
-	char* p = path_cat("/.ui/", args[1].c_str(), false);
+	String p = path_cat("/.ui/", args[1], false);
 	int i;
-	if ((i = libc::link(p, "/.dev/vgatxt", LM_OUTPUT_TO)) == 0) {
-		libc::link("/.dev/ps2kbd", p, LM_OUTPUT_TO);
+	if ((i = libc::link(p.c_str(), "/.dev/vgatxt", LM_OUTPUT_TO)) == 0) {
+		libc::link("/.dev/ps2kbd", p.c_str(), LM_OUTPUT_TO);
 	} else {
 		stdio.printf("Error %i\n", i);
 	}
@@ -255,10 +164,10 @@ void t_goto(String *args) {
 int Main(String *sh_args) {
 	about();
 
-	cwd = libc::strdup("/");
-	cwd_f = libc::open(cwd, 0);
+	cwd = "/";
+	cwd_f = libc::open(cwd.c_str(), 0);
 
-	char *path = path_cat(sh_args[0].c_str(), "..");
+	String path = path_cat(sh_args[0], "..");
 
 	int bg_pr[128], bg_pr_c = 0;
 
@@ -269,7 +178,7 @@ int Main(String *sh_args) {
 	}
 
 	while (1) {
-		stdio.printf("\x1b[33m %s  \x1b[1m", cwd);
+		stdio.printf("\x1b[33m %s  \x1b[1m", cwd.c_str());
 
 		String s = term->readline();
 		stdio.printf("\x1b[0m");
@@ -310,37 +219,36 @@ int Main(String *sh_args) {
 			cat(c_args);
 		} else {
 			FILE vt = term->fd;
-			char *t = 0;
 			String *first_arg = c_args + 1;
+			String t;
 
 			if (c_args[0] == "on") {
 				if (!c_args[1] || !c_args[2]) {
 					stdio.printf("Usage:\ton <vt> <command>\n");
 					continue;
 				}
-				t = path_cat("/.ui/", c_args[1].c_str(), false);
-				vt = libc::open(t, 0);
+				t = path_cat("/.ui/", c_args[1], false);
+				vt = libc::open(t.c_str(), 0);
 				if (vt < 0 || vt == term->fd) {
-					stdio.printf("Error: cannot open terminal %s (%i)\n", t, vt);
-					free(t);
+					stdio.printf("Error: cannot open terminal %s (%i)\n", t.c_str(), vt);
 					continue;
 				}
 				first_arg += 2;
 			}
 
-			char *c;
+			String c;
 			if (libc::strchr(c_args[0].c_str(), '/')) {
-				c = path_cat(cwd, c_args[0].c_str(), false);
+				c = path_cat(cwd, c_args[0], false);
 			} else {
-				c = path_cat(path, c_args[0].c_str(), false);
+				c = path_cat(path, c_args[0], false);
 			}
-			char *run_args[15] = {0};
+			const char *run_args[15] = {0};
 			for (int i = 0; first_arg[i]; i++) run_args[i] = first_arg[i].c_str();
 
-			int pid = libc::run(c, run_args, vt);
+			int pid = libc::run(c.c_str(), run_args, vt);
 			if (pid <= 0) {
 				if (pid == E_NOT_FOUND) {
-					stdio.printf("Error: no such file %s\n", c);
+					stdio.printf("Error: no such file %s\n", c.c_str());
 				} else {
 					stdio.printf("Error %i\n", pid);
 				}
@@ -349,12 +257,10 @@ int Main(String *sh_args) {
 					int ret = libc::waitpid(pid, 1);
 					stdio.printf("(yosh) child (pid %i) exited with status %i\n", pid, ret);
 				} else {
-					stdio.printf("(yosh) running on terminal %s, pid:%i\n", t, pid);
+					stdio.printf("(yosh) running on terminal %s, pid:%i\n", t.c_str(), pid);
 					bg_pr[bg_pr_c++] = pid;
-					free(t);
 				}
 			}
-			free(c);
 		}
 
 		int i = 0;
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/String.cpp b/src/user/lib/fwik/String.cpp
index 982ce4e..e3455e3 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/String.cpp
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/String.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ String::String(const String &other) {
 	}
 }
 
-String::String(char* from) {
+String::String(const char* from) {
 	len = (from == 0 ? 0 : libc::strlen(from));
 	if (len == 0) {
 		ptr = 0;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ String::String(char* from) {
 	}
 }
 
-String::String(char* from, int l) {
+String::String(const char* from, int l) {
 	len = l;
 	if (len < 0) len = 0;
 	if (len == 0) {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ void String::operator=(const String &other) {
 	}
 }
 
-void String::operator=(char* from) {
+void String::operator=(const char* from) {
 	if (ptr != 0) free(ptr);
 	len = (from == 0 ? 0 : libc::strlen(from));
 	if (len == 0) {
@@ -75,25 +75,25 @@ void String::operator=(char* from) {
 	}
 }
 
-char* String::c_str()  {
+const char* String::c_str() const {
 	if (ptr == 0) return "";
 	return ptr;
 }
 
-bool String::operator==(const String& other) {
+bool String::operator==(const String& other) const {
 	if (len != other.len) return false;
 	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) if (ptr[i] != other.ptr[i]) return false;
 	return true;
 }
 
-bool String::operator==(char* other) {
+bool String::operator==(const char* other) const {
 	if (other == 0) return (len == 0);
 	if (len != libc::strlen(other)) return false;
 	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) if (ptr[i] != other[i]) return false;
 	return true;
 }
 
-bool String::operator<(const String& other) {
+bool String::operator<(const String& other) const {
 	for (int i = 0; i < len && i < other.len; i++) {
 		if (ptr[i] > other.ptr[i]) return false;
 		if (ptr[i] < other.ptr[i]) return true;
@@ -109,12 +109,17 @@ char &String::operator[](int pos) {
 	return crap;
 }
 
-String String::substr(int start, int count) {
+char String::operator[](int pos) const {
+	if (pos >= 0 && pos < len) return ptr[pos];
+	return 0;
+}
+
+String String::substr(int start, int count) const {
 	if (start + count > len) count = len - start;
 	return String(ptr + start, count);
 }
 
-String String::operator+(const String& other) {
+String String::operator+(const String& other) const {
 	String ret(' ', len + other.len);
 	libc::memcpy(ret.ptr, ptr, len);
 	libc::memcpy(ret.ptr + len, other.ptr, other.len);
@@ -155,4 +160,17 @@ String String::hex(uint32_t v) {
 	return String(b, e - b);
 }
 
+String String::sprintf(const char* format, ...) {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, format);
+	va_list ap2;
+	va_copy(ap2, ap);
 
+	String ret;
+	ret.len = libc::printf_str_len(format, ap2);
+	va_end(ap2);
+	ret.ptr = (char*)malloc(ret.len + 1);
+	ret.len = libc::vsprintf(ret.ptr, format, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/IOStream.h b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/IOStream.h
index e381cf5..2e33268 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/IOStream.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/IOStream.h
@@ -12,14 +12,18 @@ class IOStream {
 	IOStream() : term(0) {}
 	IOStream(Term *t) : term(t) {}
 
-	void print(char* str);
-	void printf(char* fmt, ...);
+	void print(const char* str);
+	void printf(const char* fmt, ...);
 	String readln();
 
-	IOStream &operator<<(char* s) {
+	IOStream &operator<<(const char* s) {
 		print(s);
 		return *this;
 	}
+	IOStream &operator<<(const String& s) {
+		print(s.c_str());
+		return *this;
+	}
 	IOStream &operator<<(int i) {
 		printf("%d", i);
 		return *this;
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Node.h b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Node.h
index 6100fc9..ed8290f 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Node.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Node.h
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <cpp.h>
 
+#include <String.h>
+
 class Term;
 class Node {
 	public:
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ class Node {
 	bool valid;
 
 	Node(FILE f);
-	Node(char* filename, int mode);
+	Node(const char* filename, int mode);
 	virtual ~Node() {}
 
 	void close();
@@ -22,4 +24,6 @@ class Node {
 	virtual Term* as_term() { return 0; }
 };
 
+String path_cat(const String &a, const String &b, bool trailing_slash = true);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Term.h b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Term.h
index 4fd9306..5b8aba3 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Term.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/IO/Term.h
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ class Term : public Node {
 
 	public:
 	Term(FILE f);
-	Term(char* filename, int mode);
+	Term(const char* filename, int mode);
 	Term(const Node &n);
 	virtual ~Term();
 
-	virtual void print(char *s);
-	virtual void printf(char* fmt, ...);
-	virtual void vprintf(char* fmt, va_list ap);
+	virtual void print(const char *s);
+	virtual void printf(const char* fmt, ...);
+	virtual void vprintf(const char* fmt, va_list ap);
 	virtual String readln();
 	String readline();
 
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/String.h b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/String.h
index 672220d..59fa0b6 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/include/String.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/include/String.h
@@ -11,30 +11,32 @@ class String {
 	public:
 	String();
 	String(const String& other);
-	String(char* ptr);
-	String(char* ptr, int len);
+	String(const char* ptr);
+	String(const char* ptr, int len);
 	String(char c, int count);
 	~String();
 	void operator=(const String &string);
-	void operator=(char* ptr);
+	void operator=(const char* ptr);
 
-	char* c_str();
+	const char* c_str() const;
 
-	bool operator==(const String& other);
-	bool operator==(char* other);
-	bool operator<(const String& other);
+	bool operator==(const String& other) const;
+	bool operator==(const char* other) const;
+	bool operator<(const String& other) const;
 	char &operator[](int pos);
+	char operator[](int pos) const;
 
-	int size() { return len; }
-	operator bool() { return len != 0; }
-	String substr(int start, int count);
+	int size() const { return len; }
+	operator bool() const { return len != 0; }
+	String substr(int start, int count) const;
 
-	String operator+(const String& other);
+	String operator+(const String& other) const;
 	void operator+=(const String& other);
 	void operator+=(char c);
 
 	static String dec(int i);
 	static String hex(uint32_t v);
+	static String sprintf(const char* format, ...);
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/io/IOStream.cpp b/src/user/lib/fwik/io/IOStream.cpp
index ae495c0..9d13251 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/io/IOStream.cpp
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/io/IOStream.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #include <IO/IOStream.h>
 
-void IOStream::print(char* str) {
+void IOStream::print(const char* str) {
 	if (term == 0) return;
 	term->print(str);
 }
 
-void IOStream::printf(char* fmt, ...) {
+void IOStream::printf(const char* fmt, ...) {
 	if (term == 0) return;
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Node.cpp b/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Node.cpp
index 1d8b7f5..daccc18 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Node.cpp
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Node.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Node::Node(FILE f) {
 	valid = (i == 0);
 }
 
-Node::Node(char* filename, int mode) {
+Node::Node(const char* filename, int mode) {
 	fd = libc::open(filename, mode);
 	if (fd < 0) {
 		valid = false;
@@ -21,3 +21,88 @@ void Node::close() {
 	if (valid) libc::close(fd);
 	valid = false;
 }
+
+////////
+
+static void simplify_path(char* p) {
+	char *it = p;
+	char *member = it;
+	while (*it != 0) {
+		if (*it == '/') {
+			if (it == member && it != p) {
+				// two consecutive slashes
+				char *i = member;
+				while (1) {
+					i[0] = i[1];
+					if (i[0] == 0) break;
+					i++;
+				}
+			} else {
+				*it = 0;
+				if (libc::strcmp(member, ".") == 0) {
+					char *i = member;
+					while (1) {
+						i[0] = i[2];
+						if (i[0] == 0) break;
+						i++;
+					}
+				} else if (libc::strcmp(member, "..") == 0) {
+					*it = '/';
+					char* start = member - 2;
+					char* next = member + 3;
+					while (start > p && *start != '/') {
+						start--;
+					}
+					start++;
+					it = member = start;
+					while (1) {
+						*start = *next;
+						if (*start == 0) break;
+						start++;
+						next++;
+					}
+				} else {
+					*it = '/';
+					it++;
+					member = it;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			it++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+String path_cat(const String &a, const String &b, bool trailing_slash) {
+	int len, la = a.size(), lb = b.size();
+	if (b[0] == '/') {
+		len = lb + 2;
+	} else {
+		len = la + lb + 3;
+	}
+	char buf[len];
+	if (b[0] == '/') {
+		libc::memcpy(buf, b.c_str(), lb);
+		if (buf[lb-1] != '/') {
+			buf[lb++] = '/';
+		}
+		buf[lb] = 0;
+	} else {
+		libc::memcpy(buf, a.c_str(), la);
+		if (buf[la-1] != '/') {
+			buf[la++] = '/';
+		}
+		libc::memcpy(buf + la, b.c_str(), lb);
+		if (buf[la + lb - 1] != '/') {
+			buf[la + lb] = '/';
+			lb++;
+		}
+		buf[la + lb] = 0;
+	}
+	simplify_path(buf);
+	if (!trailing_slash) {
+		int l = libc::strlen(buf);
+		if (buf[l-1] == '/') buf[l-1] = 0;
+	}
+	return String(buf);
+}
diff --git a/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Term.cpp b/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Term.cpp
index f7f28ec..1540b9a 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Term.cpp
+++ b/src/user/lib/fwik/io/Term.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Term::Term(FILE f) : Node(f) {
 	_init();
 }
 
-Term::Term(char* filename, int mode) : Node(filename, mode) {
+Term::Term(const char* filename, int mode) : Node(filename, mode) {
 	_init();
 }
 
@@ -27,18 +27,18 @@ Term::~Term() {
 	//TODO : free readline history
 }
 
-void Term::print(char *s) {
+void Term::print(const char *s) {
 	libc::fprint(fd, s);
 }
 
-void Term::printf(char* fmt, ...) {
+void Term::printf(const char* fmt, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	libc::vfprintf(fd, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
-void Term::vprintf(char* fmt, va_list ap) {
+void Term::vprintf(const char* fmt, va_list ap) {
 	libc::vfprintf(fd, fmt, ap);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/include/stdio.h b/src/user/lib/libc/include/stdio.h
index d93ebf0..f19ce60 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/include/stdio.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/include/stdio.h
@@ -10,16 +10,13 @@ extern "C" { namespace libc {
 
 extern FILE term;
 
-void print(char *s);
-void printf(char *s, ...);
+void print(const char *s);
+void printf(const char *s, ...);
 char *readln();
 
-void fprint(FILE f, char *s);
-void fprint_int(FILE f, int number);
-void fprint_hex(FILE f, unsigned number);
-void fprintf(FILE f, char *s, ...);
-
-void vfprintf(FILE f, char *s, va_list arg);
+void fprint(FILE f, const char *s);
+void fprintf(FILE f, const char *s, ...);
+void vfprintf(FILE f, const char *s, va_list arg);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 } }
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/include/string.h b/src/user/lib/libc/include/string.h
index 54fdf7a..5b86868 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/include/string.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/include/string.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define DEF_LIB_STRING_H
 
 #include <types.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" { namespace libc {
@@ -20,6 +21,9 @@ int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
 
 char* format_int(char* buf, int number);
 char* format_hex(char *buf, unsigned v);
+int printf_str_len(const char *fmt, va_list arg);
+int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list arg);
+int sprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, ...);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 } }
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/include/tce/syscall.h b/src/user/lib/libc/include/tce/syscall.h
index 6ad37f1..6679f1a 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/include/tce/syscall.h
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/include/tce/syscall.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ void thread_exit();
 void schedule();
 void thread_sleep(int time);
 void process_exit(int retval);
-void printk(char* str);
+void printk(const char* str);
 void thread_new(void (*entry)(void*), void *data);
 void irq_wait(int number);
 int proc_priv();
@@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ int proc_priv();
 void* sbrk(ptrdiff_t size);
 void brk(void* ptr);
 
-int run(char* file, char** args, FILE zero_fd);
+int run(const char* file, const char** args, FILE zero_fd);
 int waitpid(int pid, int block);
 
-FILE open(char* filename, int mode);
-FILE open_relative(FILE root, char* filename, int mode);
-int stat(char* filename, file_info *info);
-int stat_relative(FILE root, char* filename, file_info *info);
+FILE open(const char* filename, int mode);
+FILE open_relative(FILE root, const char* filename, int mode);
+int stat(const char* filename, file_info *info);
+int stat_relative(FILE root, const char* filename, file_info *info);
 int statf(FILE file, file_info *info);
 void close(FILE file);
 int read(FILE file, size_t offset, size_t len, char *buffer);
-int write(FILE file, size_t offset, size_t len, char *buffer);
-int link(char* from, char* to, int mode);
+int write(FILE file, size_t offset, size_t len, const char *buffer);
+int link(const char* from, const char* to, int mode);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 } }
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/start.c b/src/user/lib/libc/start.c
index 2521f97..f15f90d 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/start.c
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/start.c
@@ -2,7 +2,20 @@
 
 extern int main(char **args);
 
+extern size_t start_ctors, end_ctors, start_dtors, end_dtors;
+
 void start(char **args) {
+	size_t *call;
+
+	for (call = &start_ctors; call < &end_ctors; call++) {
+		((void(*)(void))*call)();
+	}
+	
 	int ret = main(args);
+
+	for (call = &start_dtors; call < &end_dtors; call++) {
+		((void(*)(void))*call)();
+	}
+
 	process_exit(ret);
 }
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/std/stdio.c b/src/user/lib/libc/std/stdio.c
index da2f094..23ec989 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/std/stdio.c
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/std/stdio.c
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #include <readline.h>
 
 FILE term = 0;
-void print(char *s) { fprint(term, s); }
-void printf(char *format,  ...) {
+void print(const char *s) { fprint(term, s); }
+void printf(const char *format,  ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, format);
 	vfprintf(term, format, ap);
@@ -13,67 +13,24 @@ void printf(char *format,  ...) {
 }
 char* readln() { return freadln(term); }
 
-void fprintf(FILE f, char* format, ...) {
+void fprint(FILE f, const char *s) {
+	write(f, 0, strlen(s), s);
+}
+
+void fprintf(FILE f, const char* format, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
 	va_start(ap, format);
 	vfprintf(f, format, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
-// FUNCTIONS
-
-void fprint(FILE f, char *s) {
-	write(f, 0, strlen(s), s);
-}
-
-void fprint_int(FILE f, int number) {
-	char s[32];
-	char *v = format_int(s, number);
-	*v = 0;
-	fprint(f, s);
-}
-
-void fprint_hex(FILE f, unsigned v) {
-	char s[11];
-	char *e = format_hex(s, v);
-	*e = 0;
-	fprint(f, s);
-}
-
-void vfprintf(FILE f, char *format, va_list ap) {
-	char bb[256];
-	int bufl = 256;
-
-	char *buf = bb;
-	char *end = buf;
-
-	while (*format) {
-		if (*format == '%') {
-			// ASSUMPTION : (TODO) WE HAVE ENOUGH SPACE - NOT THE CASE!!!
-			format++;
-			if (*format == 'd' || *format == 'i') {
-				end = format_int(end, va_arg(ap, int));
-			} else if (*format == 'p') {
-				end = format_hex(end, va_arg(ap, uint32_t));
-			} else if (*format == 's') {
-				char *s = va_arg(ap, char*);
-				strcpy(end, s);
-				end += strlen(s);
-			}
-			format++;
-		} else {
-			*(end++) = *(format++);
-		}
-		if (end - buf > bufl - 2) {
-			bufl *= 2;
-			char *nbuf = (char*)malloc(bufl);
-			memcpy(nbuf, buf, end - buf);
-			end = nbuf + (end - buf);
-			if (buf != bb) free(buf);
-			buf = nbuf;
-		}
-	}
-	*end = 0;
-	fprint(f, buf);
-	if (buf != bb) free(buf);
+void vfprintf(FILE f, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
+	va_list ap2;
+	va_copy(ap2, ap);
+	int l = printf_str_len(fmt, ap2);
+	va_end(ap2);
+	char* buf = (char*) malloc(l+1);
+	l = vsprintf(buf, fmt, ap);
+	if (l > 0) write(f, 0, l, buf);
+	free(buf);
 }
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/std/string.c b/src/user/lib/libc/std/string.c
index d8e4a48..619b8c6 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/std/string.c
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/std/string.c
@@ -119,3 +119,57 @@ char* format_hex(char *buf, unsigned v) {
 	}
 	return buf;
 }
+
+int printf_str_len(const char *format, va_list ap) {
+	int l = 0;
+	while (*format) {
+		if (*format == '%') {
+			format++;
+			if (*format == 'd' || *format == 'i') {
+				l += 15;
+				va_arg(ap, int);
+			} else if (*format == 'p') {
+				l += 11;
+				va_arg(ap, void*);
+			} else if (*format == 's') {
+				l += strlen(va_arg(ap, const char*));
+			}
+		} else {
+			l++;
+		}
+		format++;
+	}
+	return l;
+}
+
+int sprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, ...) {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	int ret = vsprintf(buf, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *format, va_list ap) {
+	char *end = buf;
+
+	while (*format) {
+		if (*format == '%') {
+			format++;
+			if (*format == 'd' || *format == 'i') {
+				end = format_int(end, va_arg(ap, int));
+			} else if (*format == 'p') {
+				end = format_hex(end, va_arg(ap, uint32_t));
+			} else if (*format == 's') {
+				const char *s = va_arg(ap, const char*);
+				strcpy(end, s);
+				end += strlen(s);
+			}
+			format++;
+		} else {
+			*(end++) = *(format++);
+		}
+	}
+	*end = 0;
+	return end - buf;
+}
diff --git a/src/user/lib/libc/tce/syscall.c b/src/user/lib/libc/tce/syscall.c
index 80e0e0e..acdcc51 100644
--- a/src/user/lib/libc/tce/syscall.c
+++ b/src/user/lib/libc/tce/syscall.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void process_exit(int retval) {
 	call(SC_PROCESS_EXIT, retval, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
-void printk(char* str) {
+void printk(const char* str) {
 	call(SC_PRINTK, (unsigned)str, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ void brk(void* ptr) {
 
 // ********** proc
 
-int run(char* filename, char** args, FILE zero_fd) {
+int run(const char* filename, const char** args, FILE zero_fd) {
 	return call(SC_RUN, (unsigned)filename, (unsigned)args, (unsigned)zero_fd, 0, 0);
 }
 
@@ -85,19 +85,19 @@ int waitpid(int p, int block) {
 
 // ********** file
 
-FILE open(char* filename, int mode) {
+FILE open(const char* filename, int mode) {
 	return call(SC_OPEN, (unsigned)filename, mode, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
-FILE open_relative(FILE root, char* filename, int mode) {
+FILE open_relative(FILE root, const char* filename, int mode) {
 	return call(SC_OPEN_RELATIVE, root, (unsigned) filename, mode, 0, 0);
 }
 
-int stat(char* filename, file_info *info) {
+int stat(const char* filename, file_info *info) {
 	return call(SC_STAT, (unsigned) filename, (unsigned) info, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
-int stat_relative(FILE root, char* filename, file_info *info) {
+int stat_relative(FILE root, const char* filename, file_info *info) {
 	return call(SC_STAT_RELATIVE, root, (unsigned) filename, (unsigned) info, 0, 0);
 }
 
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ int read(FILE file, size_t offset, size_t len, char *buffer) {
 	return call(SC_READ, file, offset, len, (unsigned) buffer, 0);
 }
 
-int write(FILE file, size_t offset, size_t len, char* buffer) {
+int write(FILE file, size_t offset, size_t len, const char* buffer) {
 	return call(SC_WRITE, file, offset, len, (unsigned) buffer, 0);
 }
 
-int link(char* from, char* to, int mode) {
+int link(const char* from, const char* to, int mode) {
 	return call(SC_LINK, (unsigned) from, (unsigned)to, mode, 0, 0);
 }
diff --git a/src/user/link.ld b/src/user/link.ld
index 95c2fc1..aa3759c 100644
--- a/src/user/link.ld
+++ b/src/user/link.ld
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ SECTIONS{
     }
  
     .data ALIGN (0x1000) : {
+		start_ctors = .;
+		*(.ctor*)
+		end_ctors = .;
+		start_dtors = .;
+		*(.dtor*)
+		end_dtors = .;
         *(.data)
     }