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-rw-r--r--doc/book/src/reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md3
-rw-r--r--doc/book/src/working_documents/compatibility_target.md2
-rw-r--r--src/api/api_server.rs35
-rw-r--r--src/api/s3_copy.rs387
-rw-r--r--src/api/s3_put.rs21
-rw-r--r--src/api/s3_xml.rs10
-rw-r--r--src/model/version_table.rs14
7 files changed, 416 insertions, 56 deletions
diff --git a/doc/book/src/reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md b/doc/book/src/reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md
index 7d517ac4..96bccde0 100644
--- a/doc/book/src/reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md
+++ b/doc/book/src/reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Not implemented:
## Endpoint implementation
-All APIs that are not mentionned are not implemented and will return a 400 bad request.
+All APIs that are not mentionned are not implemented and will return a 501 Not Implemented.
| Endpoint | Status |
|------------------------------|----------------------------------|
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ All APIs that are not mentionned are not implemented and will return a 400 bad r
| PutObject | Implemented |
| PutBucketWebsite | Partially implemented (see below)|
| UploadPart | Implemented |
+| UploadPartCopy | Implemented |
- **GetBucketVersioning:** Stub implementation (Garage does not yet support versionning so this always returns
diff --git a/doc/book/src/working_documents/compatibility_target.md b/doc/book/src/working_documents/compatibility_target.md
index d9027ccb..e6ff9ca8 100644
--- a/doc/book/src/working_documents/compatibility_target.md
+++ b/doc/book/src/working_documents/compatibility_target.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ your motivations for doing so in the PR message.
| | [*GetBucketCors*](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/138) |
| | [*PutBucketCors*](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/138) |
| | [*DeleteBucketCors*](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/138) |
-| | [*UploadPartCopy*](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/160) |
+| | UploadPartCopy |
| | [*GetBucketWebsite*](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/77) |
| | [*PutBucketWebsite*](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/77) |
| | DeleteBucketWebsite |
diff --git a/src/api/api_server.rs b/src/api/api_server.rs
index 16156e74..a38a3c5b 100644
--- a/src/api/api_server.rs
+++ b/src/api/api_server.rs
@@ -156,19 +156,24 @@ async fn handler_inner(garage: Arc<Garage>, req: Request<Body>) -> Result<Respon
.await
}
Endpoint::CopyObject { key, .. } => {
- let copy_source = req.headers().get("x-amz-copy-source").unwrap().to_str()?;
- let copy_source = percent_encoding::percent_decode_str(copy_source).decode_utf8()?;
- let (source_bucket, source_key) = parse_bucket_key(&copy_source, None)?;
- let source_bucket_id =
- resolve_bucket(&garage, &source_bucket.to_string(), &api_key).await?;
- if !api_key.allow_read(&source_bucket_id) {
- return Err(Error::Forbidden(format!(
- "Reading from bucket {} not allowed for this key",
- source_bucket
- )));
- }
- let source_key = source_key.ok_or_bad_request("No source key specified")?;
- handle_copy(garage, &req, bucket_id, &key, source_bucket_id, source_key).await
+ handle_copy(garage, &api_key, &req, bucket_id, &key).await
+ }
+ Endpoint::UploadPartCopy {
+ key,
+ part_number,
+ upload_id,
+ ..
+ } => {
+ handle_upload_part_copy(
+ garage,
+ &api_key,
+ &req,
+ bucket_id,
+ &key,
+ part_number,
+ &upload_id,
+ )
+ .await
}
Endpoint::PutObject { key, .. } => {
handle_put(garage, req, bucket_id, &key, content_sha256).await
@@ -321,7 +326,7 @@ async fn handle_request_without_bucket(
}
#[allow(clippy::ptr_arg)]
-async fn resolve_bucket(
+pub async fn resolve_bucket(
garage: &Garage,
bucket_name: &String,
api_key: &Key,
@@ -347,7 +352,7 @@ async fn resolve_bucket(
///
/// S3 internally manages only buckets and keys. This function splits
/// an HTTP path to get the corresponding bucket name and key.
-fn parse_bucket_key<'a>(
+pub fn parse_bucket_key<'a>(
path: &'a str,
host_bucket: Option<&'a str>,
) -> Result<(&'a str, Option<&'a str>), Error> {
diff --git a/src/api/s3_copy.rs b/src/api/s3_copy.rs
index cab173b1..c37bb138 100644
--- a/src/api/s3_copy.rs
+++ b/src/api/s3_copy.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use futures::TryFutureExt;
+use md5::{Digest as Md5Digest, Md5};
+
use hyper::{Body, Request, Response};
+use serde::Serialize;
use garage_table::*;
use garage_util::data::*;
@@ -9,68 +13,50 @@ use garage_util::time::*;
use garage_model::block_ref_table::*;
use garage_model::garage::Garage;
+use garage_model::key_table::Key;
use garage_model::object_table::*;
use garage_model::version_table::*;
+use crate::api_server::{parse_bucket_key, resolve_bucket};
use crate::error::*;
-use crate::s3_put::get_headers;
-use crate::s3_xml;
+use crate::s3_put::{decode_upload_id, get_headers};
+use crate::s3_xml::{self, xmlns_tag};
pub async fn handle_copy(
garage: Arc<Garage>,
+ api_key: &Key,
req: &Request<Body>,
dest_bucket_id: Uuid,
dest_key: &str,
- source_bucket_id: Uuid,
- source_key: &str,
) -> Result<Response<Body>, Error> {
let copy_precondition = CopyPreconditionHeaders::parse(req)?;
- let source_object = garage
- .object_table
- .get(&source_bucket_id, &source_key.to_string())
- .await?
- .ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
+ let source_object = get_copy_source(&garage, api_key, req).await?;
- let source_last_v = source_object
- .versions()
- .iter()
- .rev()
- .find(|v| v.is_complete())
- .ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
+ let (source_version, source_version_data, source_version_meta) =
+ extract_source_info(&source_object)?;
- let source_last_state = match &source_last_v.state {
- ObjectVersionState::Complete(x) => x,
- _ => unreachable!(),
- };
+ // Check precondition, e.g. x-amz-copy-source-if-match
+ copy_precondition.check(source_version, &source_version_meta.etag)?;
+ // Generate parameters for copied object
let new_uuid = gen_uuid();
let new_timestamp = now_msec();
// Implement x-amz-metadata-directive: REPLACE
- let old_meta = match source_last_state {
- ObjectVersionData::DeleteMarker => {
- return Err(Error::NoSuchKey);
- }
- ObjectVersionData::Inline(meta, _bytes) => meta,
- ObjectVersionData::FirstBlock(meta, _fbh) => meta,
- };
let new_meta = match req.headers().get("x-amz-metadata-directive") {
Some(v) if v == hyper::header::HeaderValue::from_static("REPLACE") => ObjectVersionMeta {
headers: get_headers(req)?,
- size: old_meta.size,
- etag: old_meta.etag.clone(),
+ size: source_version_meta.size,
+ etag: source_version_meta.etag.clone(),
},
- _ => old_meta.clone(),
+ _ => source_version_meta.clone(),
};
let etag = new_meta.etag.to_string();
- // Check precondition, e.g. x-amz-copy-source-if-match
- copy_precondition.check(source_last_v, etag.as_str())?;
-
// Save object copy
- match source_last_state {
+ match source_version_data {
ObjectVersionData::DeleteMarker => unreachable!(),
ObjectVersionData::Inline(_meta, bytes) => {
let dest_object_version = ObjectVersion {
@@ -92,7 +78,7 @@ pub async fn handle_copy(
// Get block list from source version
let source_version = garage
.version_table
- .get(&source_last_v.uuid, &EmptyKey)
+ .get(&source_version.uuid, &EmptyKey)
.await?;
let source_version = source_version.ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
@@ -173,11 +159,309 @@ pub async fn handle_copy(
.header("x-amz-version-id", hex::encode(new_uuid))
.header(
"x-amz-copy-source-version-id",
- hex::encode(source_last_v.uuid),
+ hex::encode(source_version.uuid),
)
.body(Body::from(xml))?)
}
+pub async fn handle_upload_part_copy(
+ garage: Arc<Garage>,
+ api_key: &Key,
+ req: &Request<Body>,
+ dest_bucket_id: Uuid,
+ dest_key: &str,
+ part_number: u64,
+ upload_id: &str,
+) -> Result<Response<Body>, Error> {
+ let copy_precondition = CopyPreconditionHeaders::parse(req)?;
+
+ let dest_version_uuid = decode_upload_id(upload_id)?;
+
+ let dest_key = dest_key.to_string();
+ let (source_object, dest_object) = futures::try_join!(
+ get_copy_source(&garage, api_key, req),
+ garage
+ .object_table
+ .get(&dest_bucket_id, &dest_key)
+ .map_err(Error::from),
+ )?;
+ let dest_object = dest_object.ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
+
+ let (source_object_version, source_version_data, source_version_meta) =
+ extract_source_info(&source_object)?;
+
+ // Check precondition on source, e.g. x-amz-copy-source-if-match
+ copy_precondition.check(source_object_version, &source_version_meta.etag)?;
+
+ // Check source range is valid
+ let source_range = match req.headers().get("x-amz-copy-source-range") {
+ Some(range) => {
+ let range_str = range.to_str()?;
+ let mut ranges = http_range::HttpRange::parse(range_str, source_version_meta.size)
+ .map_err(|e| (e, source_version_meta.size))?;
+ if ranges.len() != 1 {
+ return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+ "Invalid x-amz-copy-source-range header: exactly 1 range must be given".into(),
+ ));
+ } else {
+ ranges.pop().unwrap()
+ }
+ }
+ None => http_range::HttpRange {
+ start: 0,
+ length: source_version_meta.size,
+ },
+ };
+
+ // Check destination version is indeed in uploading state
+ if !dest_object
+ .versions()
+ .iter()
+ .any(|v| v.uuid == dest_version_uuid && v.is_uploading())
+ {
+ return Err(Error::NoSuchUpload);
+ }
+
+ // Check source version is not inlined
+ match source_version_data {
+ ObjectVersionData::DeleteMarker => unreachable!(),
+ ObjectVersionData::Inline(_meta, _bytes) => {
+ // This is only for small files, we don't bother handling this.
+ // (in AWS UploadPartCopy works for parts at least 5MB which
+ // is never the case of an inline object)
+ return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+ "Source object is too small (minimum part size is 5Mb)".into(),
+ ));
+ }
+ ObjectVersionData::FirstBlock(_meta, _first_block_hash) => (),
+ };
+
+ // Fetch source versin with its block list,
+ // and destination version to check part hasn't yet been uploaded
+ let (source_version, dest_version) = futures::try_join!(
+ garage
+ .version_table
+ .get(&source_object_version.uuid, &EmptyKey),
+ garage.version_table.get(&dest_version_uuid, &EmptyKey),
+ )?;
+ let source_version = source_version.ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
+
+ // Check this part number hasn't yet been uploaded
+ if let Some(dv) = dest_version {
+ if dv.has_part_number(part_number) {
+ return Err(Error::BadRequest(format!(
+ "Part number {} has already been uploaded",
+ part_number
+ )));
+ }
+ }
+
+ // We want to reuse blocks from the source version as much as possible.
+ // However, we still need to get the data from these blocks
+ // because we need to know it to calculate the MD5sum of the part
+ // which is used as its ETag.
+
+ // First, calculate what blocks we want to keep,
+ // and the subrange of the block to take, if the bounds of the
+ // requested range are in the middle.
+ let (range_begin, range_end) = (source_range.start, source_range.start + source_range.length);
+
+ let mut blocks_to_copy = vec![];
+ let mut current_offset = 0;
+ let mut size_to_copy = 0;
+ for (_bk, block) in source_version.blocks.items().iter() {
+ let (block_begin, block_end) = (current_offset, current_offset + block.size);
+
+ if block_begin < range_end && block_end > range_begin {
+ let subrange_begin = if block_begin < range_begin {
+ Some(range_begin - block_begin)
+ } else {
+ None
+ };
+ let subrange_end = if block_end > range_end {
+ Some(range_end - block_begin)
+ } else {
+ None
+ };
+ let range_to_copy = match (subrange_begin, subrange_end) {
+ (Some(b), Some(e)) => Some(b as usize..e as usize),
+ (None, Some(e)) => Some(0..e as usize),
+ (Some(b), None) => Some(b as usize..block.size as usize),
+ (None, None) => None,
+ };
+ size_to_copy += range_to_copy
+ .as_ref()
+ .map(|x| x.len() as u64)
+ .unwrap_or(block.size);
+
+ blocks_to_copy.push((block.hash, range_to_copy));
+ }
+
+ current_offset = block_end;
+ }
+
+ if size_to_copy < 1024 * 1024 {
+ return Err(Error::BadRequest(format!(
+ "Not enough data to copy: {} bytes (minimum: 1MB)",
+ size_to_copy
+ )));
+ }
+
+ // Now, actually copy the blocks
+ let mut md5hasher = Md5::new();
+
+ let mut block = Some(
+ garage
+ .block_manager
+ .rpc_get_block(&blocks_to_copy[0].0)
+ .await?,
+ );
+
+ let mut current_offset = 0;
+ for (i, (block_hash, range_to_copy)) in blocks_to_copy.iter().enumerate() {
+ let (current_block, subrange_hash) = match range_to_copy.clone() {
+ Some(r) => {
+ let subrange = block.take().unwrap()[r].to_vec();
+ let hash = blake2sum(&subrange);
+ (subrange, hash)
+ }
+ None => (block.take().unwrap(), *block_hash),
+ };
+ md5hasher.update(&current_block[..]);
+
+ let mut version = Version::new(dest_version_uuid, dest_bucket_id, dest_key.clone(), false);
+ version.blocks.put(
+ VersionBlockKey {
+ part_number,
+ offset: current_offset,
+ },
+ VersionBlock {
+ hash: subrange_hash,
+ size: current_block.len() as u64,
+ },
+ );
+ current_offset += current_block.len() as u64;
+
+ let block_ref = BlockRef {
+ block: subrange_hash,
+ version: dest_version_uuid,
+ deleted: false.into(),
+ };
+
+ let next_block_hash = blocks_to_copy.get(i + 1).map(|(h, _)| *h);
+
+ let garage2 = garage.clone();
+ let garage3 = garage.clone();
+ let is_subrange = range_to_copy.is_some();
+
+ let (_, _, _, next_block) = futures::try_join!(
+ // Thing 1: if we are taking a subrange of the source block,
+ // we need to insert that subrange as a new block.
+ async move {
+ if is_subrange {
+ garage2
+ .block_manager
+ .rpc_put_block(subrange_hash, current_block)
+ .await
+ } else {
+ Ok(())
+ }
+ },
+ // Thing 2: we need to insert the block in the version
+ garage.version_table.insert(&version),
+ // Thing 3: we need to add a block reference
+ garage.block_ref_table.insert(&block_ref),
+ // Thing 4: we need to prefetch the next block
+ async move {
+ match next_block_hash {
+ Some(h) => Ok(Some(garage3.block_manager.rpc_get_block(&h).await?)),
+ None => Ok(None),
+ }
+ },
+ )?;
+
+ block = next_block;
+ }
+
+ let data_md5sum = md5hasher.finalize();
+ let etag = hex::encode(data_md5sum);
+
+ // Put the part's ETag in the Versiontable
+ let mut version = Version::new(dest_version_uuid, dest_bucket_id, dest_key.clone(), false);
+ version.parts_etags.put(part_number, etag.clone());
+ garage.version_table.insert(&version).await?;
+
+ // LGTM
+ let resp_xml = s3_xml::to_xml_with_header(&CopyPartResult {
+ xmlns: (),
+ etag: s3_xml::Value(etag),
+ last_modified: s3_xml::Value(msec_to_rfc3339(source_object_version.timestamp)),
+ })?;
+
+ Ok(Response::builder()
+ .header("Content-Type", "application/xml")
+ .header(
+ "x-amz-copy-source-version-id",
+ hex::encode(source_object_version.uuid),
+ )
+ .body(Body::from(resp_xml))?)
+}
+
+async fn get_copy_source(
+ garage: &Garage,
+ api_key: &Key,
+ req: &Request<Body>,
+) -> Result<Object, Error> {
+ let copy_source = req.headers().get("x-amz-copy-source").unwrap().to_str()?;
+ let copy_source = percent_encoding::percent_decode_str(copy_source).decode_utf8()?;
+
+ let (source_bucket, source_key) = parse_bucket_key(&copy_source, None)?;
+ let source_bucket_id = resolve_bucket(garage, &source_bucket.to_string(), api_key).await?;
+
+ if !api_key.allow_read(&source_bucket_id) {
+ return Err(Error::Forbidden(format!(
+ "Reading from bucket {} not allowed for this key",
+ source_bucket
+ )));
+ }
+
+ let source_key = source_key.ok_or_bad_request("No source key specified")?;
+
+ let source_object = garage
+ .object_table
+ .get(&source_bucket_id, &source_key.to_string())
+ .await?
+ .ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
+
+ Ok(source_object)
+}
+
+fn extract_source_info(
+ source_object: &Object,
+) -> Result<(&ObjectVersion, &ObjectVersionData, &ObjectVersionMeta), Error> {
+ let source_version = source_object
+ .versions()
+ .iter()
+ .rev()
+ .find(|v| v.is_complete())
+ .ok_or(Error::NoSuchKey)?;
+
+ let source_version_data = match &source_version.state {
+ ObjectVersionState::Complete(x) => x,
+ _ => unreachable!(),
+ };
+
+ let source_version_meta = match source_version_data {
+ ObjectVersionData::DeleteMarker => {
+ return Err(Error::NoSuchKey);
+ }
+ ObjectVersionData::Inline(meta, _bytes) => meta,
+ ObjectVersionData::FirstBlock(meta, _fbh) => meta,
+ };
+
+ Ok((source_version, source_version_data, source_version_meta))
+}
+
struct CopyPreconditionHeaders {
copy_source_if_match: Option<Vec<String>>,
copy_source_if_modified_since: Option<SystemTime>,
@@ -267,3 +551,36 @@ impl CopyPreconditionHeaders {
}
}
}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CopyPartResult {
+ #[serde(serialize_with = "xmlns_tag")]
+ pub xmlns: (),
+ #[serde(rename = "LastModified")]
+ pub last_modified: s3_xml::Value,
+ #[serde(rename = "ETag")]
+ pub etag: s3_xml::Value,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use super::*;
+ use crate::s3_xml::to_xml_with_header;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn serialize_copy_part_result() -> Result<(), Error> {
+ // @FIXME: ETag should be quoted, but we can't add quotes
+ // because XML serializer replaces them by `&quot;`
+ let expected_retval = r#"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><CopyPartResult xmlns="http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/"><LastModified>2011-04-11T20:34:56.000Z</LastModified><ETag>9b2cf535f27731c974343645a3985328</ETag></CopyPartResult>"#;
+ let v = CopyPartResult {
+ xmlns: (),
+ last_modified: s3_xml::Value("2011-04-11T20:34:56.000Z".into()),
+ etag: s3_xml::Value("9b2cf535f27731c974343645a3985328".into()),
+ };
+ println!("{}", to_xml_with_header(&v)?);
+
+ assert_eq!(to_xml_with_header(&v)?, expected_retval);
+
+ Ok(())
+ }
+}
diff --git a/src/api/s3_put.rs b/src/api/s3_put.rs
index d7ee5893..421b94a1 100644
--- a/src/api/s3_put.rs
+++ b/src/api/s3_put.rs
@@ -370,12 +370,15 @@ pub async fn handle_put_part(
let key = key.to_string();
let mut chunker = BodyChunker::new(req.into_body(), garage.config.block_size);
- let (object, first_block) =
- futures::try_join!(garage.object_table.get(&bucket_id, &key), chunker.next(),)?;
+ let (object, version, first_block) = futures::try_join!(
+ garage.object_table.get(&bucket_id, &key),
+ garage.version_table.get(&version_uuid, &EmptyKey),
+ chunker.next()
+ )?;
// Check object is valid and multipart block can be accepted
- let first_block = first_block.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest("Empty body".to_string()))?;
- let object = object.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest("Object not found".to_string()))?;
+ let first_block = first_block.ok_or_bad_request("Empty body")?;
+ let object = object.ok_or_bad_request("Object not found")?;
if !object
.versions()
@@ -385,6 +388,16 @@ pub async fn handle_put_part(
return Err(Error::NoSuchUpload);
}
+ // Check part hasn't already been uploaded
+ if let Some(v) = version {
+ if v.has_part_number(part_number) {
+ return Err(Error::BadRequest(format!(
+ "Part number {} has already been uploaded",
+ part_number
+ )));
+ }
+ }
+
// Copy block to store
let version = Version::new(version_uuid, bucket_id, key, false);
let first_block_hash = blake2sum(&first_block[..]);
diff --git a/src/api/s3_xml.rs b/src/api/s3_xml.rs
index 98c63d57..962b4780 100644
--- a/src/api/s3_xml.rs
+++ b/src/api/s3_xml.rs
@@ -428,6 +428,8 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn copy_object_result() -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+ // @FIXME: ETag should be quoted, but we can't add quotes
+ // because XML serializer replaces them by `&quot;`
let copy_result = CopyObjectResult {
last_modified: Value(msec_to_rfc3339(0)),
etag: Value("9b2cf535f27731c974343645a3985328".to_string()),
@@ -466,6 +468,8 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn complete_multipart_upload_result() -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+ // @FIXME: ETag should be quoted, but we can't add quotes
+ // because XML serializer replaces them by `&quot;`
let result = CompleteMultipartUploadResult {
xmlns: (),
location: Some(Value("https://garage.tld/mybucket/a/plop".to_string())),
@@ -540,6 +544,8 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn list_objects_v1_1() -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+ // @FIXME: ETag should be quoted, but we can't add quotes
+ // because XML serializer replaces them by `&quot;`
let result = ListBucketResult {
xmlns: (),
name: Value("example-bucket".to_string()),
@@ -639,6 +645,8 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn list_objects_v2_1() -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+ // @FIXME: ETag should be quoted, but we can't add quotes
+ // because XML serializer replaces them by `&quot;`
let result = ListBucketResult {
xmlns: (),
name: Value("quotes".to_string()),
@@ -685,6 +693,8 @@ mod tests {
#[test]
fn list_objects_v2_2() -> Result<(), ApiError> {
+ // @FIXME: ETag should be quoted, but we can't add quotes
+ // because XML serializer replaces them by `&quot;`
let result = ListBucketResult {
xmlns: (),
name: Value("bucket".to_string()),
diff --git a/src/model/version_table.rs b/src/model/version_table.rs
index e0b99770..839b1f4f 100644
--- a/src/model/version_table.rs
+++ b/src/model/version_table.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,20 @@ impl Version {
key,
}
}
+
+ pub fn has_part_number(&self, part_number: u64) -> bool {
+ let case1 = self
+ .parts_etags
+ .items()
+ .binary_search_by(|(k, _)| k.cmp(&part_number))
+ .is_ok();
+ let case2 = self
+ .blocks
+ .items()
+ .binary_search_by(|(k, _)| k.part_number.cmp(&part_number))
+ .is_ok();
+ case1 || case2
+ }
}
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]