First implementation of K2V (#293)

**Specification:**

View spec at [this URL](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/src/branch/k2v/doc/drafts/k2v-spec.md)

- [x] Specify the structure of K2V triples
- [x] Specify the DVVS format used for causality detection
- [x] Specify the K2V index (just a counter of number of values per partition key)
- [x] Specify single-item endpoints: ReadItem, InsertItem, DeleteItem
- [x] Specify index endpoint: ReadIndex
- [x] Specify multi-item endpoints: InsertBatch, ReadBatch, DeleteBatch
- [x] Move to JSON objects instead of tuples
- [x] Specify endpoints for polling for updates on single values (PollItem)

**Implementation:**

- [x] Table for K2V items, causal contexts
- [x] Indexing mechanism and table for K2V index
- [x] Make API handlers a bit more generic
- [x] K2V API endpoint
- [x] K2V API router
- [x] ReadItem
- [x] InsertItem
- [x] DeleteItem
- [x] PollItem
- [x] ReadIndex
- [x] InsertBatch
- [x] ReadBatch
- [x] DeleteBatch

**Testing:**

- [x] Just a simple Python script that does some requests to check visually that things are going right (does not contain parsing of results or assertions on returned values)
- [x] Actual tests:
  - [x] Adapt testing framework
  - [x] Simple test with InsertItem + ReadItem
  - [x] Test with several Insert/Read/DeleteItem + ReadIndex
  - [x] Test all combinations of return formats for ReadItem
  - [x] Test with ReadBatch, InsertBatch, DeleteBatch
  - [x] Test with PollItem
  - [x] Test error codes
- [ ] Fix most broken stuff
  - [x] test PollItem broken randomly
  - [x] when invalid causality tokens are given, errors should be 4xx not 5xx

**Improvements:**

- [x] Descending range queries
  - [x] Specify
  - [x] Implement
  - [x] Add test
- [x] Batch updates to index counter
- [x] Put K2V behind `k2v` feature flag

Co-authored-by: Alex Auvolat <alex@adnab.me>
Reviewed-on: https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/293
Co-authored-by: Alex <alex@adnab.me>
Co-committed-by: Alex <alex@adnab.me>

15 files changed, 1219 insertions, 32 deletions

diff --git a/src/model/Cargo.toml b/src/model/Cargo.toml
index 007cec89..133fe44e 100644
--- a/src/model/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/model/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,8 +22,10 @@ garage_model_050 = { package = "garage_model", version = "0.5.1" }
 
 async-trait = "0.1.7"
 arc-swap = "1.0"
+blake2 = "0.9"
 err-derive = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4"
+base64 = "0.13"
 tracing = "0.1.30"
 rand = "0.8"
 zstd = { version = "0.9", default-features = false }
@@ -42,3 +44,6 @@ opentelemetry = "0.17"
 #netapp = { version = "0.3.0", git = "https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/lx/netapp" }
 #netapp = { version = "0.4", path = "../../../netapp" }
 netapp = "0.4"
+
+[features]
+k2v = [ "garage_util/k2v" ]
diff --git a/src/model/garage.rs b/src/model/garage.rs
index abdb920a..03e21f8a 100644
--- a/src/model/garage.rs
+++ b/src/model/garage.rs
@@ -13,13 +13,19 @@ use garage_table::replication::TableFullReplication;
 use garage_table::replication::TableShardedReplication;
 use garage_table::*;
 
-use crate::block_ref_table::*;
+use crate::s3::block_ref_table::*;
+use crate::s3::object_table::*;
+use crate::s3::version_table::*;
+
 use crate::bucket_alias_table::*;
 use crate::bucket_table::*;
 use crate::helper;
 use crate::key_table::*;
-use crate::object_table::*;
-use crate::version_table::*;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+use crate::index_counter::*;
+#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+use crate::k2v::{counter_table::*, item_table::*, poll::*, rpc::*};
 
 /// An entire Garage full of data
 pub struct Garage {
@@ -35,16 +41,32 @@ pub struct Garage {
 	/// The block manager
 	pub block_manager: Arc<BlockManager>,
 
-	/// Table containing informations about buckets
+	/// Table containing buckets
 	pub bucket_table: Arc<Table<BucketTable, TableFullReplication>>,
-	/// Table containing informations about bucket aliases
+	/// Table containing bucket aliases
 	pub bucket_alias_table: Arc<Table<BucketAliasTable, TableFullReplication>>,
-	/// Table containing informations about api keys
+	/// Table containing api keys
 	pub key_table: Arc<Table<KeyTable, TableFullReplication>>,
 
+	/// Table containing S3 objects
 	pub object_table: Arc<Table<ObjectTable, TableShardedReplication>>,
+	/// Table containing S3 object versions
 	pub version_table: Arc<Table<VersionTable, TableShardedReplication>>,
+	/// Table containing S3 block references (not blocks themselves)
 	pub block_ref_table: Arc<Table<BlockRefTable, TableShardedReplication>>,
+
+	#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+	pub k2v: GarageK2V,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+pub struct GarageK2V {
+	/// Table containing K2V items
+	pub item_table: Arc<Table<K2VItemTable, TableShardedReplication>>,
+	/// Indexing table containing K2V item counters
+	pub counter_table: Arc<IndexCounter<K2VCounterTable>>,
+	/// K2V RPC handler
+	pub rpc: Arc<K2VRpcHandler>,
 }
 
 impl Garage {
@@ -95,6 +117,21 @@ impl Garage {
 			system.clone(),
 		);
 
+		// ---- admin tables ----
+		info!("Initialize bucket_table...");
+		let bucket_table = Table::new(BucketTable, control_rep_param.clone(), system.clone(), &db);
+
+		info!("Initialize bucket_alias_table...");
+		let bucket_alias_table = Table::new(
+			BucketAliasTable,
+			control_rep_param.clone(),
+			system.clone(),
+			&db,
+		);
+		info!("Initialize key_table_table...");
+		let key_table = Table::new(KeyTable, control_rep_param, system.clone(), &db);
+
+		// ---- S3 tables ----
 		info!("Initialize block_ref_table...");
 		let block_ref_table = Table::new(
 			BlockRefTable {
@@ -117,29 +154,20 @@ impl Garage {
 		);
 
 		info!("Initialize object_table...");
+		#[allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
 		let object_table = Table::new(
 			ObjectTable {
 				background: background.clone(),
 				version_table: version_table.clone(),
 			},
-			meta_rep_param,
-			system.clone(),
-			&db,
-		);
-
-		info!("Initialize bucket_table...");
-		let bucket_table = Table::new(BucketTable, control_rep_param.clone(), system.clone(), &db);
-
-		info!("Initialize bucket_alias_table...");
-		let bucket_alias_table = Table::new(
-			BucketAliasTable,
-			control_rep_param.clone(),
+			meta_rep_param.clone(),
 			system.clone(),
 			&db,
 		);
 
-		info!("Initialize key_table_table...");
-		let key_table = Table::new(KeyTable, control_rep_param, system.clone(), &db);
+		// ---- K2V ----
+		#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+		let k2v = GarageK2V::new(system.clone(), &db, meta_rep_param);
 
 		info!("Initialize Garage...");
 
@@ -155,6 +183,8 @@ impl Garage {
 			object_table,
 			version_table,
 			block_ref_table,
+			#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+			k2v,
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -162,3 +192,30 @@ impl Garage {
 		helper::bucket::BucketHelper(self)
 	}
 }
+
+#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+impl GarageK2V {
+	fn new(system: Arc<System>, db: &sled::Db, meta_rep_param: TableShardedReplication) -> Self {
+		info!("Initialize K2V counter table...");
+		let counter_table = IndexCounter::new(system.clone(), meta_rep_param.clone(), db);
+		info!("Initialize K2V subscription manager...");
+		let subscriptions = Arc::new(SubscriptionManager::new());
+		info!("Initialize K2V item table...");
+		let item_table = Table::new(
+			K2VItemTable {
+				counter_table: counter_table.clone(),
+				subscriptions: subscriptions.clone(),
+			},
+			meta_rep_param,
+			system.clone(),
+			db,
+		);
+		let rpc = K2VRpcHandler::new(system, item_table.clone(), subscriptions);
+
+		Self {
+			item_table,
+			counter_table,
+			rpc,
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/model/helper/bucket.rs b/src/model/helper/bucket.rs
index 706faf26..54d2f97b 100644
--- a/src/model/helper/bucket.rs
+++ b/src/model/helper/bucket.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use garage_table::util::EmptyKey;
+use garage_table::util::*;
 use garage_util::crdt::*;
 use garage_util::data::*;
 use garage_util::error::{Error as GarageError, OkOrMessage};
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ impl<'a> BucketHelper<'a> {
 				None,
 				Some(KeyFilter::MatchesAndNotDeleted(pattern.to_string())),
 				10,
+				EnumerationOrder::Forward,
 			)
 			.await?
 			.into_iter()
diff --git a/src/model/index_counter.rs b/src/model/index_counter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..123154d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/index_counter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+use std::collections::{hash_map, BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::sync::{mpsc, watch};
+
+use garage_rpc::ring::Ring;
+use garage_rpc::system::System;
+use garage_util::data::*;
+use garage_util::error::*;
+
+use garage_table::crdt::*;
+use garage_table::replication::TableShardedReplication;
+use garage_table::*;
+
+pub trait CounterSchema: Clone + PartialEq + Send + Sync + 'static {
+	const NAME: &'static str;
+	type P: PartitionKey + Clone + PartialEq + Serialize + for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + Send + Sync;
+	type S: SortKey + Clone + PartialEq + Serialize + for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + Send + Sync;
+}
+
+/// A counter entry in the global table
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CounterEntry<T: CounterSchema> {
+	pub pk: T::P,
+	pub sk: T::S,
+	pub values: BTreeMap<String, CounterValue>,
+}
+
+impl<T: CounterSchema> Entry<T::P, T::S> for CounterEntry<T> {
+	fn partition_key(&self) -> &T::P {
+		&self.pk
+	}
+	fn sort_key(&self) -> &T::S {
+		&self.sk
+	}
+	fn is_tombstone(&self) -> bool {
+		self.values
+			.iter()
+			.all(|(_, v)| v.node_values.iter().all(|(_, (_, v))| *v == 0))
+	}
+}
+
+impl<T: CounterSchema> CounterEntry<T> {
+	pub fn filtered_values(&self, ring: &Ring) -> HashMap<String, i64> {
+		let nodes = &ring.layout.node_id_vec[..];
+		self.filtered_values_with_nodes(nodes)
+	}
+
+	pub fn filtered_values_with_nodes(&self, nodes: &[Uuid]) -> HashMap<String, i64> {
+		let mut ret = HashMap::new();
+		for (name, vals) in self.values.iter() {
+			let new_vals = vals
+				.node_values
+				.iter()
+				.filter(|(n, _)| nodes.contains(n))
+				.map(|(_, (_, v))| *v)
+				.collect::<Vec<_>>();
+			if !new_vals.is_empty() {
+				ret.insert(
+					name.clone(),
+					new_vals.iter().fold(i64::MIN, |a, b| std::cmp::max(a, *b)),
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		ret
+	}
+}
+
+/// A counter entry in the global table
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CounterValue {
+	pub node_values: BTreeMap<Uuid, (u64, i64)>,
+}
+
+impl<T: CounterSchema> Crdt for CounterEntry<T> {
+	fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+		for (name, e2) in other.values.iter() {
+			if let Some(e) = self.values.get_mut(name) {
+				e.merge(e2);
+			} else {
+				self.values.insert(name.clone(), e2.clone());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Crdt for CounterValue {
+	fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+		for (node, (t2, e2)) in other.node_values.iter() {
+			if let Some((t, e)) = self.node_values.get_mut(node) {
+				if t2 > t {
+					*e = *e2;
+				}
+			} else {
+				self.node_values.insert(*node, (*t2, *e2));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct CounterTable<T: CounterSchema> {
+	_phantom_t: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: CounterSchema> TableSchema for CounterTable<T> {
+	const TABLE_NAME: &'static str = T::NAME;
+
+	type P = T::P;
+	type S = T::S;
+	type E = CounterEntry<T>;
+	type Filter = (DeletedFilter, Vec<Uuid>);
+
+	fn updated(&self, _old: Option<&Self::E>, _new: Option<&Self::E>) {
+		// nothing for now
+	}
+
+	fn matches_filter(entry: &Self::E, filter: &Self::Filter) -> bool {
+		if filter.0 == DeletedFilter::Any {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		let is_tombstone = entry
+			.filtered_values_with_nodes(&filter.1[..])
+			.iter()
+			.all(|(_, v)| *v == 0);
+		filter.0.apply(is_tombstone)
+	}
+}
+
+// ----
+
+pub struct IndexCounter<T: CounterSchema> {
+	this_node: Uuid,
+	local_counter: sled::Tree,
+	propagate_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<(T::P, T::S, LocalCounterEntry)>,
+	pub table: Arc<Table<CounterTable<T>, TableShardedReplication>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: CounterSchema> IndexCounter<T> {
+	pub fn new(
+		system: Arc<System>,
+		replication: TableShardedReplication,
+		db: &sled::Db,
+	) -> Arc<Self> {
+		let background = system.background.clone();
+
+		let (propagate_tx, propagate_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+
+		let this = Arc::new(Self {
+			this_node: system.id,
+			local_counter: db
+				.open_tree(format!("local_counter:{}", T::NAME))
+				.expect("Unable to open local counter tree"),
+			propagate_tx,
+			table: Table::new(
+				CounterTable {
+					_phantom_t: Default::default(),
+				},
+				replication,
+				system,
+				db,
+			),
+		});
+
+		let this2 = this.clone();
+		background.spawn_worker(
+			format!("{} index counter propagator", T::NAME),
+			move |must_exit| this2.clone().propagate_loop(propagate_rx, must_exit),
+		);
+		this
+	}
+
+	pub fn count(&self, pk: &T::P, sk: &T::S, counts: &[(&str, i64)]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		let tree_key = self.table.data.tree_key(pk, sk);
+
+		let new_entry = self.local_counter.transaction(|tx| {
+			let mut entry = match tx.get(&tree_key[..])? {
+				Some(old_bytes) => {
+					rmp_serde::decode::from_read_ref::<_, LocalCounterEntry>(&old_bytes)
+						.map_err(Error::RmpDecode)
+						.map_err(sled::transaction::ConflictableTransactionError::Abort)?
+				}
+				None => LocalCounterEntry {
+					values: BTreeMap::new(),
+				},
+			};
+
+			for (s, inc) in counts.iter() {
+				let mut ent = entry.values.entry(s.to_string()).or_insert((0, 0));
+				ent.0 += 1;
+				ent.1 += *inc;
+			}
+
+			let new_entry_bytes = rmp_to_vec_all_named(&entry)
+				.map_err(Error::RmpEncode)
+				.map_err(sled::transaction::ConflictableTransactionError::Abort)?;
+			tx.insert(&tree_key[..], new_entry_bytes)?;
+
+			Ok(entry)
+		})?;
+
+		if let Err(e) = self.propagate_tx.send((pk.clone(), sk.clone(), new_entry)) {
+			error!(
+				"Could not propagate updated counter values, failed to send to channel: {}",
+				e
+			);
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	async fn propagate_loop(
+		self: Arc<Self>,
+		mut propagate_rx: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<(T::P, T::S, LocalCounterEntry)>,
+		must_exit: watch::Receiver<bool>,
+	) {
+		// This loop batches updates to counters to be sent all at once.
+		// They are sent once the propagate_rx channel has been emptied (or is closed).
+		let mut buf = HashMap::new();
+		let mut errors = 0;
+
+		loop {
+			let (ent, closed) = match propagate_rx.try_recv() {
+				Ok(ent) => (Some(ent), false),
+				Err(mpsc::error::TryRecvError::Empty) if buf.is_empty() => {
+					match propagate_rx.recv().await {
+						Some(ent) => (Some(ent), false),
+						None => (None, true),
+					}
+				}
+				Err(mpsc::error::TryRecvError::Empty) => (None, false),
+				Err(mpsc::error::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => (None, true),
+			};
+
+			if let Some((pk, sk, counters)) = ent {
+				let tree_key = self.table.data.tree_key(&pk, &sk);
+				let dist_entry = counters.into_counter_entry::<T>(self.this_node, pk, sk);
+				match buf.entry(tree_key) {
+					hash_map::Entry::Vacant(e) => {
+						e.insert(dist_entry);
+					}
+					hash_map::Entry::Occupied(mut e) => {
+						e.get_mut().merge(&dist_entry);
+					}
+				}
+				// As long as we can add entries, loop back and add them to batch
+				// before sending batch to other nodes
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if !buf.is_empty() {
+				let entries = buf.iter().map(|(_k, v)| v);
+				if let Err(e) = self.table.insert_many(entries).await {
+					errors += 1;
+					if errors >= 2 && *must_exit.borrow() {
+						error!("({}) Could not propagate {} counter values: {}, these counters will not be updated correctly.", T::NAME, buf.len(), e);
+						break;
+					}
+					warn!("({}) Could not propagate {} counter values: {}, retrying in 5 seconds (retry #{})", T::NAME, buf.len(), e, errors);
+					tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				buf.clear();
+				errors = 0;
+			}
+
+			if closed || *must_exit.borrow() {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct LocalCounterEntry {
+	values: BTreeMap<String, (u64, i64)>,
+}
+
+impl LocalCounterEntry {
+	fn into_counter_entry<T: CounterSchema>(
+		self,
+		this_node: Uuid,
+		pk: T::P,
+		sk: T::S,
+	) -> CounterEntry<T> {
+		CounterEntry {
+			pk,
+			sk,
+			values: self
+				.values
+				.into_iter()
+				.map(|(name, (ts, v))| {
+					let mut node_values = BTreeMap::new();
+					node_values.insert(this_node, (ts, v));
+					(name, CounterValue { node_values })
+				})
+				.collect(),
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/model/k2v/causality.rs b/src/model/k2v/causality.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c76a32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/k2v/causality.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use garage_util::data::*;
+
+/// Node IDs used in K2V are u64 integers that are the abbreviation
+/// of full Garage node IDs which are 256-bit UUIDs.
+pub type K2VNodeId = u64;
+
+pub fn make_node_id(node_id: Uuid) -> K2VNodeId {
+	let mut tmp = [0u8; 8];
+	tmp.copy_from_slice(&node_id.as_slice()[..8]);
+	u64::from_be_bytes(tmp)
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CausalContext {
+	pub vector_clock: BTreeMap<K2VNodeId, u64>,
+}
+
+impl CausalContext {
+	/// Empty causality context
+	pub fn new_empty() -> Self {
+		Self {
+			vector_clock: BTreeMap::new(),
+		}
+	}
+	/// Make binary representation and encode in base64
+	pub fn serialize(&self) -> String {
+		let mut ints = Vec::with_capacity(2 * self.vector_clock.len());
+		for (node, time) in self.vector_clock.iter() {
+			ints.push(*node);
+			ints.push(*time);
+		}
+		let checksum = ints.iter().fold(0, |acc, v| acc ^ *v);
+
+		let mut bytes = u64::to_be_bytes(checksum).to_vec();
+		for i in ints {
+			bytes.extend(u64::to_be_bytes(i));
+		}
+
+		base64::encode_config(bytes, base64::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD)
+	}
+	/// Parse from base64-encoded binary representation
+	pub fn parse(s: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+		let bytes = base64::decode_config(s, base64::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD)
+			.map_err(|e| format!("bad causality token base64: {}", e))?;
+		if bytes.len() % 16 != 8 || bytes.len() < 8 {
+			return Err("bad causality token length".into());
+		}
+
+		let checksum = u64::from_be_bytes(bytes[..8].try_into().unwrap());
+		let mut ret = CausalContext {
+			vector_clock: BTreeMap::new(),
+		};
+
+		for i in 0..(bytes.len() / 16) {
+			let node_id = u64::from_be_bytes(bytes[8 + i * 16..16 + i * 16].try_into().unwrap());
+			let time = u64::from_be_bytes(bytes[16 + i * 16..24 + i * 16].try_into().unwrap());
+			ret.vector_clock.insert(node_id, time);
+		}
+
+		let check = ret.vector_clock.iter().fold(0, |acc, (n, t)| acc ^ *n ^ *t);
+
+		if check != checksum {
+			return Err("bad causality token checksum".into());
+		}
+
+		Ok(ret)
+	}
+	/// Check if this causal context contains newer items than another one
+	pub fn is_newer_than(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+		self.vector_clock
+			.iter()
+			.any(|(k, v)| v > other.vector_clock.get(k).unwrap_or(&0))
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use super::*;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_causality_token_serialization() {
+		let ct = CausalContext {
+			vector_clock: [(4, 42), (1928131023, 76), (0xefc0c1c47f9de433, 2)]
+				.iter()
+				.cloned()
+				.collect(),
+		};
+
+		assert_eq!(CausalContext::parse(&ct.serialize()).unwrap(), ct);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/model/k2v/counter_table.rs b/src/model/k2v/counter_table.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4856eb2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/k2v/counter_table.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use garage_util::data::*;
+
+use crate::index_counter::*;
+
+pub const ENTRIES: &str = "entries";
+pub const CONFLICTS: &str = "conflicts";
+pub const VALUES: &str = "values";
+pub const BYTES: &str = "bytes";
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct K2VCounterTable;
+
+impl CounterSchema for K2VCounterTable {
+	const NAME: &'static str = "k2v_index_counter";
+
+	// Partition key = bucket id
+	type P = Uuid;
+	// Sort key = K2V item's partition key
+	type S = String;
+}
diff --git a/src/model/k2v/item_table.rs b/src/model/k2v/item_table.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b7cc08a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/k2v/item_table.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use garage_util::data::*;
+
+use garage_table::crdt::*;
+use garage_table::*;
+
+use crate::index_counter::*;
+use crate::k2v::causality::*;
+use crate::k2v::counter_table::*;
+use crate::k2v::poll::*;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct K2VItem {
+	pub partition: K2VItemPartition,
+	pub sort_key: String,
+
+	items: BTreeMap<K2VNodeId, DvvsEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Hash, Eq)]
+pub struct K2VItemPartition {
+	pub bucket_id: Uuid,
+	pub partition_key: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct DvvsEntry {
+	t_discard: u64,
+	values: Vec<(u64, DvvsValue)>,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum DvvsValue {
+	Value(#[serde(with = "serde_bytes")] Vec<u8>),
+	Deleted,
+}
+
+impl K2VItem {
+	/// Creates a new K2VItem when no previous entry existed in the db
+	pub fn new(bucket_id: Uuid, partition_key: String, sort_key: String) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			partition: K2VItemPartition {
+				bucket_id,
+				partition_key,
+			},
+			sort_key,
+			items: BTreeMap::new(),
+		}
+	}
+	/// Updates a K2VItem with a new value or a deletion event
+	pub fn update(
+		&mut self,
+		this_node: Uuid,
+		context: &Option<CausalContext>,
+		new_value: DvvsValue,
+	) {
+		if let Some(context) = context {
+			for (node, t_discard) in context.vector_clock.iter() {
+				if let Some(e) = self.items.get_mut(node) {
+					e.t_discard = std::cmp::max(e.t_discard, *t_discard);
+				} else {
+					self.items.insert(
+						*node,
+						DvvsEntry {
+							t_discard: *t_discard,
+							values: vec![],
+						},
+					);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		self.discard();
+
+		let node_id = make_node_id(this_node);
+		let e = self.items.entry(node_id).or_insert(DvvsEntry {
+			t_discard: 0,
+			values: vec![],
+		});
+		let t_prev = e.max_time();
+		e.values.push((t_prev + 1, new_value));
+	}
+
+	/// Extract the causality context of a K2V Item
+	pub fn causal_context(&self) -> CausalContext {
+		let mut cc = CausalContext::new_empty();
+		for (node, ent) in self.items.iter() {
+			cc.vector_clock.insert(*node, ent.max_time());
+		}
+		cc
+	}
+
+	/// Extract the list of values
+	pub fn values(&'_ self) -> Vec<&'_ DvvsValue> {
+		let mut ret = vec![];
+		for (_, ent) in self.items.iter() {
+			for (_, v) in ent.values.iter() {
+				if !ret.contains(&v) {
+					ret.push(v);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		ret
+	}
+
+	fn discard(&mut self) {
+		for (_, ent) in self.items.iter_mut() {
+			ent.discard();
+		}
+	}
+
+	// returns counters: (non-deleted entries, conflict entries, non-tombstone values, bytes used)
+	fn stats(&self) -> (i64, i64, i64, i64) {
+		let values = self.values();
+
+		let n_entries = if self.is_tombstone() { 0 } else { 1 };
+		let n_conflicts = if values.len() > 1 { 1 } else { 0 };
+		let n_values = values
+			.iter()
+			.filter(|v| matches!(v, DvvsValue::Value(_)))
+			.count() as i64;
+		let n_bytes = values
+			.iter()
+			.map(|v| match v {
+				DvvsValue::Deleted => 0,
+				DvvsValue::Value(v) => v.len() as i64,
+			})
+			.sum();
+
+		(n_entries, n_conflicts, n_values, n_bytes)
+	}
+}
+
+impl DvvsEntry {
+	fn max_time(&self) -> u64 {
+		self.values
+			.iter()
+			.fold(self.t_discard, |acc, (vts, _)| std::cmp::max(acc, *vts))
+	}
+
+	fn discard(&mut self) {
+		self.values = std::mem::take(&mut self.values)
+			.into_iter()
+			.filter(|(t, _)| *t > self.t_discard)
+			.collect::<Vec<_>>();
+	}
+}
+
+impl Crdt for K2VItem {
+	fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+		for (node, e2) in other.items.iter() {
+			if let Some(e) = self.items.get_mut(node) {
+				e.merge(e2);
+			} else {
+				self.items.insert(*node, e2.clone());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Crdt for DvvsEntry {
+	fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) {
+		self.t_discard = std::cmp::max(self.t_discard, other.t_discard);
+		self.discard();
+
+		let t_max = self.max_time();
+		for (vt, vv) in other.values.iter() {
+			if *vt > t_max {
+				self.values.push((*vt, vv.clone()));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl PartitionKey for K2VItemPartition {
+	fn hash(&self) -> Hash {
+		use blake2::{Blake2b, Digest};
+
+		let mut hasher = Blake2b::new();
+		hasher.update(self.bucket_id.as_slice());
+		hasher.update(self.partition_key.as_bytes());
+		let mut hash = [0u8; 32];
+		hash.copy_from_slice(&hasher.finalize()[..32]);
+		hash.into()
+	}
+}
+
+impl Entry<K2VItemPartition, String> for K2VItem {
+	fn partition_key(&self) -> &K2VItemPartition {
+		&self.partition
+	}
+	fn sort_key(&self) -> &String {
+		&self.sort_key
+	}
+	fn is_tombstone(&self) -> bool {
+		self.values()
+			.iter()
+			.all(|v| matches!(v, DvvsValue::Deleted))
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct K2VItemTable {
+	pub(crate) counter_table: Arc<IndexCounter<K2VCounterTable>>,
+	pub(crate) subscriptions: Arc<SubscriptionManager>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ItemFilter {
+	pub exclude_only_tombstones: bool,
+	pub conflicts_only: bool,
+}
+
+impl TableSchema for K2VItemTable {
+	const TABLE_NAME: &'static str = "k2v_item";
+
+	type P = K2VItemPartition;
+	type S = String;
+	type E = K2VItem;
+	type Filter = ItemFilter;
+
+	fn updated(&self, old: Option<&Self::E>, new: Option<&Self::E>) {
+		// 1. Count
+		let (old_entries, old_conflicts, old_values, old_bytes) = match old {
+			None => (0, 0, 0, 0),
+			Some(e) => e.stats(),
+		};
+		let (new_entries, new_conflicts, new_values, new_bytes) = match new {
+			None => (0, 0, 0, 0),
+			Some(e) => e.stats(),
+		};
+
+		let count_pk = old
+			.map(|e| e.partition.bucket_id)
+			.unwrap_or_else(|| new.unwrap().partition.bucket_id);
+		let count_sk = old
+			.map(|e| &e.partition.partition_key)
+			.unwrap_or_else(|| &new.unwrap().partition.partition_key);
+
+		if let Err(e) = self.counter_table.count(
+			&count_pk,
+			count_sk,
+			&[
+				(ENTRIES, new_entries - old_entries),
+				(CONFLICTS, new_conflicts - old_conflicts),
+				(VALUES, new_values - old_values),
+				(BYTES, new_bytes - old_bytes),
+			],
+		) {
+			error!("Could not update K2V counter for bucket {:?} partition {}; counts will now be inconsistent. {}", count_pk, count_sk, e);
+		}
+
+		// 2. Notify
+		if let Some(new_ent) = new {
+			self.subscriptions.notify(new_ent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	#[allow(clippy::nonminimal_bool)]
+	fn matches_filter(entry: &Self::E, filter: &Self::Filter) -> bool {
+		let v = entry.values();
+		!(filter.conflicts_only && v.len() < 2)
+			&& !(filter.exclude_only_tombstones && entry.is_tombstone())
+	}
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+	use super::*;
+
+	#[test]
+	fn test_dvvsentry_merge_simple() {
+		let e1 = DvvsEntry {
+			t_discard: 4,
+			values: vec![
+				(5, DvvsValue::Value(vec![15])),
+				(6, DvvsValue::Value(vec![16])),
+			],
+		};
+		let e2 = DvvsEntry {
+			t_discard: 5,
+			values: vec![(6, DvvsValue::Value(vec![16])), (7, DvvsValue::Deleted)],
+		};
+
+		let mut e3 = e1.clone();
+		e3.merge(&e2);
+		assert_eq!(e2, e3);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/model/k2v/mod.rs b/src/model/k2v/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..664172a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/k2v/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+pub mod causality;
+
+pub mod counter_table;
+pub mod item_table;
+
+pub mod poll;
+pub mod rpc;
diff --git a/src/model/k2v/poll.rs b/src/model/k2v/poll.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93105207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/k2v/poll.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::sync::broadcast;
+
+use crate::k2v::item_table::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PollKey {
+	pub partition: K2VItemPartition,
+	pub sort_key: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct SubscriptionManager {
+	subscriptions: Mutex<HashMap<PollKey, broadcast::Sender<K2VItem>>>,
+}
+
+impl SubscriptionManager {
+	pub fn new() -> Self {
+		Self::default()
+	}
+
+	pub fn subscribe(&self, key: &PollKey) -> broadcast::Receiver<K2VItem> {
+		let mut subs = self.subscriptions.lock().unwrap();
+		if let Some(s) = subs.get(key) {
+			s.subscribe()
+		} else {
+			let (tx, rx) = broadcast::channel(8);
+			subs.insert(key.clone(), tx);
+			rx
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn notify(&self, item: &K2VItem) {
+		let key = PollKey {
+			partition: item.partition.clone(),
+			sort_key: item.sort_key.clone(),
+		};
+		let mut subs = self.subscriptions.lock().unwrap();
+		if let Some(s) = subs.get(&key) {
+			if s.send(item.clone()).is_err() {
+				// no more subscribers, remove channel from here
+				// (we will re-create it later if we need to subscribe again)
+				subs.remove(&key);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/model/k2v/rpc.rs b/src/model/k2v/rpc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90101d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/k2v/rpc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+//! Module that implements RPCs specific to K2V.
+//! This is necessary for insertions into the K2V store,
+//! as they have to be transmitted to one of the nodes responsible
+//! for storing the entry to be processed (the API entry
+//! node does not process the entry directly, as this would
+//! mean the vector clock gets much larger than needed).
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::select;
+
+use garage_util::crdt::*;
+use garage_util::data::*;
+use garage_util::error::*;
+
+use garage_rpc::system::System;
+use garage_rpc::*;
+
+use garage_table::replication::{TableReplication, TableShardedReplication};
+use garage_table::table::TABLE_RPC_TIMEOUT;
+use garage_table::{PartitionKey, Table};
+
+use crate::k2v::causality::*;
+use crate::k2v::item_table::*;
+use crate::k2v::poll::*;
+
+/// RPC messages for K2V
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+enum K2VRpc {
+	Ok,
+	InsertItem(InsertedItem),
+	InsertManyItems(Vec<InsertedItem>),
+	PollItem {
+		key: PollKey,
+		causal_context: CausalContext,
+		timeout_msec: u64,
+	},
+	PollItemResponse(Option<K2VItem>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct InsertedItem {
+	partition: K2VItemPartition,
+	sort_key: String,
+	causal_context: Option<CausalContext>,
+	value: DvvsValue,
+}
+
+impl Rpc for K2VRpc {
+	type Response = Result<K2VRpc, Error>;
+}
+
+/// The block manager, handling block exchange between nodes, and block storage on local node
+pub struct K2VRpcHandler {
+	system: Arc<System>,
+	item_table: Arc<Table<K2VItemTable, TableShardedReplication>>,
+	endpoint: Arc<Endpoint<K2VRpc, Self>>,
+	subscriptions: Arc<SubscriptionManager>,
+}
+
+impl K2VRpcHandler {
+	pub fn new(
+		system: Arc<System>,
+		item_table: Arc<Table<K2VItemTable, TableShardedReplication>>,
+		subscriptions: Arc<SubscriptionManager>,
+	) -> Arc<Self> {
+		let endpoint = system.netapp.endpoint("garage_model/k2v/Rpc".to_string());
+
+		let rpc_handler = Arc::new(Self {
+			system,
+			item_table,
+			endpoint,
+			subscriptions,
+		});
+		rpc_handler.endpoint.set_handler(rpc_handler.clone());
+
+		rpc_handler
+	}
+
+	// ---- public interface ----
+
+	pub async fn insert(
+		&self,
+		bucket_id: Uuid,
+		partition_key: String,
+		sort_key: String,
+		causal_context: Option<CausalContext>,
+		value: DvvsValue,
+	) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		let partition = K2VItemPartition {
+			bucket_id,
+			partition_key,
+		};
+		let mut who = self
+			.item_table
+			.data
+			.replication
+			.write_nodes(&partition.hash());
+		who.sort();
+
+		self.system
+			.rpc
+			.try_call_many(
+				&self.endpoint,
+				&who[..],
+				K2VRpc::InsertItem(InsertedItem {
+					partition,
+					sort_key,
+					causal_context,
+					value,
+				}),
+				RequestStrategy::with_priority(PRIO_NORMAL)
+					.with_quorum(1)
+					.with_timeout(TABLE_RPC_TIMEOUT)
+					.interrupt_after_quorum(true),
+			)
+			.await?;
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	pub async fn insert_batch(
+		&self,
+		bucket_id: Uuid,
+		items: Vec<(String, String, Option<CausalContext>, DvvsValue)>,
+	) -> Result<(), Error> {
+		let n_items = items.len();
+
+		let mut call_list: HashMap<_, Vec<_>> = HashMap::new();
+
+		for (partition_key, sort_key, causal_context, value) in items {
+			let partition = K2VItemPartition {
+				bucket_id,
+				partition_key,
+			};
+			let mut who = self
+				.item_table
+				.data
+				.replication
+				.write_nodes(&partition.hash());
+			who.sort();
+
+			call_list.entry(who).or_default().push(InsertedItem {
+				partition,
+				sort_key,
+				causal_context,
+				value,
+			});
+		}
+
+		debug!(
+			"K2V insert_batch: {} requests to insert {} items",
+			call_list.len(),
+			n_items
+		);
+		let call_futures = call_list.into_iter().map(|(nodes, items)| async move {
+			let resp = self
+				.system
+				.rpc
+				.try_call_many(
+					&self.endpoint,
+					&nodes[..],
+					K2VRpc::InsertManyItems(items),
+					RequestStrategy::with_priority(PRIO_NORMAL)
+						.with_quorum(1)
+						.with_timeout(TABLE_RPC_TIMEOUT)
+						.interrupt_after_quorum(true),
+				)
+				.await?;
+			Ok::<_, Error>((nodes, resp))
+		});
+
+		let mut resps = call_futures.collect::<FuturesUnordered<_>>();
+		while let Some(resp) = resps.next().await {
+			resp?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	pub async fn poll(
+		&self,
+		bucket_id: Uuid,
+		partition_key: String,
+		sort_key: String,
+		causal_context: CausalContext,
+		timeout_msec: u64,
+	) -> Result<Option<K2VItem>, Error> {
+		let poll_key = PollKey {
+			partition: K2VItemPartition {
+				bucket_id,
+				partition_key,
+			},
+			sort_key,
+		};
+		let nodes = self
+			.item_table
+			.data
+			.replication
+			.write_nodes(&poll_key.partition.hash());
+
+		let resps = self
+			.system
+			.rpc
+			.try_call_many(
+				&self.endpoint,
+				&nodes[..],
+				K2VRpc::PollItem {
+					key: poll_key,
+					causal_context,
+					timeout_msec,
+				},
+				RequestStrategy::with_priority(PRIO_NORMAL)
+					.with_quorum(self.item_table.data.replication.read_quorum())
+					.with_timeout(Duration::from_millis(timeout_msec) + TABLE_RPC_TIMEOUT),
+			)
+			.await?;
+
+		let mut resp: Option<K2VItem> = None;
+		for v in resps {
+			match v {
+				K2VRpc::PollItemResponse(Some(x)) => {
+					if let Some(y) = &mut resp {
+						y.merge(&x);
+					} else {
+						resp = Some(x);
+					}
+				}
+				K2VRpc::PollItemResponse(None) => {
+					return Ok(None);
+				}
+				v => return Err(Error::unexpected_rpc_message(v)),
+			}
+		}
+
+		Ok(resp)
+	}
+
+	// ---- internal handlers ----
+
+	async fn handle_insert(&self, item: &InsertedItem) -> Result<K2VRpc, Error> {
+		let new = self.local_insert(item)?;
+
+		// Propagate to rest of network
+		if let Some(updated) = new {
+			self.item_table.insert(&updated).await?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(K2VRpc::Ok)
+	}
+
+	async fn handle_insert_many(&self, items: &[InsertedItem]) -> Result<K2VRpc, Error> {
+		let mut updated_vec = vec![];
+
+		for item in items {
+			let new = self.local_insert(item)?;
+
+			if let Some(updated) = new {
+				updated_vec.push(updated);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Propagate to rest of network
+		if !updated_vec.is_empty() {
+			self.item_table.insert_many(&updated_vec).await?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(K2VRpc::Ok)
+	}
+
+	fn local_insert(&self, item: &InsertedItem) -> Result<Option<K2VItem>, Error> {
+		let tree_key = self
+			.item_table
+			.data
+			.tree_key(&item.partition, &item.sort_key);
+
+		self.item_table
+			.data
+			.update_entry_with(&tree_key[..], |ent| {
+				let mut ent = ent.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+					K2VItem::new(
+						item.partition.bucket_id,
+						item.partition.partition_key.clone(),
+						item.sort_key.clone(),
+					)
+				});
+				ent.update(self.system.id, &item.causal_context, item.value.clone());
+				ent
+			})
+	}
+
+	async fn handle_poll(&self, key: &PollKey, ct: &CausalContext) -> Result<K2VItem, Error> {
+		let mut chan = self.subscriptions.subscribe(key);
+
+		let mut value = self
+			.item_table
+			.data
+			.read_entry(&key.partition, &key.sort_key)?
+			.map(|bytes| self.item_table.data.decode_entry(&bytes[..]))
+			.transpose()?
+			.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+				K2VItem::new(
+					key.partition.bucket_id,
+					key.partition.partition_key.clone(),
+					key.sort_key.clone(),
+				)
+			});
+
+		while !value.causal_context().is_newer_than(ct) {
+			value = chan.recv().await?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(value)
+	}
+}
+
+#[async_trait]
+impl EndpointHandler<K2VRpc> for K2VRpcHandler {
+	async fn handle(self: &Arc<Self>, message: &K2VRpc, _from: NodeID) -> Result<K2VRpc, Error> {
+		match message {
+			K2VRpc::InsertItem(item) => self.handle_insert(item).await,
+			K2VRpc::InsertManyItems(items) => self.handle_insert_many(&items[..]).await,
+			K2VRpc::PollItem {
+				key,
+				causal_context,
+				timeout_msec,
+			} => {
+				let delay = tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(*timeout_msec));
+				select! {
+					ret = self.handle_poll(key, causal_context) => ret.map(Some).map(K2VRpc::PollItemResponse),
+					_ = delay => Ok(K2VRpc::PollItemResponse(None)),
+				}
+			}
+			m => Err(Error::unexpected_rpc_message(m)),
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/model/lib.rs b/src/model/lib.rs
index 05a4cdc7..7c9d9270 100644
--- a/src/model/lib.rs
+++ b/src/model/lib.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@ extern crate tracing;
 
 pub mod permission;
 
-pub mod block_ref_table;
+pub mod index_counter;
+
 pub mod bucket_alias_table;
 pub mod bucket_table;
 pub mod key_table;
-pub mod object_table;
-pub mod version_table;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "k2v")]
+pub mod k2v;
+pub mod s3;
 
 pub mod garage;
 pub mod helper;
diff --git a/src/model/block_ref_table.rs b/src/model/s3/block_ref_table.rs
index b6945403..9b3991bf 100644
--- a/src/model/block_ref_table.rs
+++ b/src/model/s3/block_ref_table.rs
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ impl TableSchema for BlockRefTable {
 	type E = BlockRef;
 	type Filter = DeletedFilter;
 
-	fn updated(&self, old: Option<Self::E>, new: Option<Self::E>) {
+	fn updated(&self, old: Option<&Self::E>, new: Option<&Self::E>) {
 		#[allow(clippy::or_fun_call)]
-		let block = &old.as_ref().or(new.as_ref()).unwrap().block;
-		let was_before = old.as_ref().map(|x| !x.deleted.get()).unwrap_or(false);
-		let is_after = new.as_ref().map(|x| !x.deleted.get()).unwrap_or(false);
+		let block = &old.or(new).unwrap().block;
+		let was_before = old.map(|x| !x.deleted.get()).unwrap_or(false);
+		let is_after = new.map(|x| !x.deleted.get()).unwrap_or(false);
 		if is_after && !was_before {
 			if let Err(e) = self.block_manager.block_incref(block) {
 				warn!("block_incref failed for block {:?}: {}", block, e);
diff --git a/src/model/s3/mod.rs b/src/model/s3/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e94337d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/model/s3/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod block_ref_table;
+pub mod object_table;
+pub mod version_table;
diff --git a/src/model/object_table.rs b/src/model/s3/object_table.rs
index da53878e..3d9a89f7 100644
--- a/src/model/object_table.rs
+++ b/src/model/s3/object_table.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use garage_table::crdt::*;
 use garage_table::replication::TableShardedReplication;
 use garage_table::*;
 
-use crate::version_table::*;
+use crate::s3::version_table::*;
 
 use garage_model_050::object_table as old;
 
@@ -232,8 +232,11 @@ impl TableSchema for ObjectTable {
 	type E = Object;
 	type Filter = ObjectFilter;
 
-	fn updated(&self, old: Option<Self::E>, new: Option<Self::E>) {
+	fn updated(&self, old: Option<&Self::E>, new: Option<&Self::E>) {
 		let version_table = self.version_table.clone();
+		let old = old.cloned();
+		let new = new.cloned();
+
 		self.background.spawn(async move {
 			if let (Some(old_v), Some(new_v)) = (old, new) {
 				// Propagate deletion of old versions
diff --git a/src/model/version_table.rs b/src/model/s3/version_table.rs
index 839b1f4f..ad096772 100644
--- a/src/model/version_table.rs
+++ b/src/model/s3/version_table.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use garage_table::crdt::*;
 use garage_table::replication::TableShardedReplication;
 use garage_table::*;
 
-use crate::block_ref_table::*;
+use crate::s3::block_ref_table::*;
 
 use garage_model_050::version_table as old;
 
@@ -137,8 +137,11 @@ impl TableSchema for VersionTable {
 	type E = Version;
 	type Filter = DeletedFilter;
 
-	fn updated(&self, old: Option<Self::E>, new: Option<Self::E>) {
+	fn updated(&self, old: Option<&Self::E>, new: Option<&Self::E>) {
 		let block_ref_table = self.block_ref_table.clone();
+		let old = old.cloned();
+		let new = new.cloned();
+
 		self.background.spawn(async move {
 			if let (Some(old_v), Some(new_v)) = (old, new) {
 				// Propagate deletion of version blocks