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authorAlex Auvolat <alex@adnab.me>2024-02-13 11:24:56 +0100
committerAlex Auvolat <alex@adnab.me>2024-02-13 11:36:28 +0100
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+\nonstopmode
+\documentclass[aspectratio=169,xcolor={svgnames}]{beamer}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+% \usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{mathtools}
+\usepackage{breqn}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usetheme{boxes}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{import}
+\usepackage{adjustbox}
+\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}
+%\useoutertheme[footline=authortitle,subsection=false]{miniframes}
+%\useoutertheme[footline=authorinstitute,subsection=false]{miniframes}
+\useoutertheme{infolines}
+\setbeamertemplate{headline}{}
+
+\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty
+
+\definecolor{TitleOrange}{RGB}{255,137,0}
+\setbeamercolor{title}{fg=TitleOrange}
+\setbeamercolor{frametitle}{fg=TitleOrange}
+
+\definecolor{ListOrange}{RGB}{255,145,5}
+\setbeamertemplate{itemize item}{\color{ListOrange}$\blacktriangleright$}
+
+\definecolor{verygrey}{RGB}{70,70,70}
+\setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=verygrey}
+
+
+\usepackage{tabu}
+\usepackage{multicol}
+\usepackage{vwcol}
+\usepackage{stmaryrd}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
+
+\AtBeginSection[]{
+ \begin{frame}
+ \vfill
+ \centering
+ \begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=8pt,center,shadow=true,rounded=true]{title}
+ \usebeamerfont{title}\insertsectionhead\par%
+ \end{beamercolorbox}
+ \vfill
+ \end{frame}
+}
+
+\title{Garage, the low-tech storage platform for geo-distributed clusters}
+\author{Alex Auvolat, Deuxfleurs}
+\date{FOSDEM'24, 2024-02-03}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{../../sticker/Garage.png}
+ \vspace{1em}
+
+ {\large\bf Alex Auvolat, Deuxfleurs Association}
+ \vspace{1em}
+
+ \url{https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/}
+
+ Matrix channel: \texttt{\#garage:deuxfleurs.fr}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Who I am}
+ \begin{columns}[t]
+ \begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
+ \centering
+ \adjincludegraphics[width=.4\linewidth, valign=t]{../assets/alex.jpg}
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
+ \textbf{Alex Auvolat}\\
+ PhD; co-founder of Deuxfleurs
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
+ ~
+ \end{column}
+ \end{columns}
+ \vspace{2em}
+
+ \begin{columns}[t]
+ \begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
+ \centering
+ \adjincludegraphics[width=.5\linewidth, valign=t]{../assets/logos/deuxfleurs.pdf}
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}{.6\textwidth}
+ \textbf{Deuxfleurs}\\
+ A non-profit self-hosting collective,\\
+ member of the CHATONS network
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}{.2\textwidth}
+ \centering
+ \adjincludegraphics[width=.7\linewidth, valign=t]{../assets/logos/logo_chatons.png}
+ \end{column}
+ \end{columns}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Our objective at Deuxfleurs}
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \textbf{Promote self-hosting and small-scale hosting\\
+ as an alternative to large cloud providers}
+ \end{center}
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \visible<2->{
+ Why is it hard?
+ }
+ \visible<3->{
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{center}
+ \textbf{\underline{Resilience}}\\
+ {\footnotesize we want good uptime/availability with low supervision}
+ \end{center}
+ }
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Building a resilient system with cheap stuff}
+
+ \only<1,4-7>{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textcolor<5->{gray}{Commodity hardware (e.g. old desktop PCs)\\
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \visible<4->{{\footnotesize (can die at any time)}}}
+ \vspace{1.5em}
+ \item<5-> \textcolor<7->{gray}{Regular Internet (e.g. FTTB, FTTH) and power grid connections\\
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \visible<6->{{\footnotesize (can be unavailable randomly)}}}
+ \vspace{1.5em}
+ \item<7-> \textbf{Geographical redundancy} (multi-site replication)
+ \end{itemize}
+ }
+ \only<2>{
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/neptune.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+ }
+ \only<3>{
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/atuin.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+ }
+ \only<8>{
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/inframap_jdll2023.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+ }
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Object storage: a crucial component}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=6em]{../assets/logos/Amazon-S3.jpg}
+ \hspace{3em}
+ \visible<2->{\includegraphics[height=5em]{../assets/logos/minio.png}}
+ \hspace{3em}
+ \visible<3>{\includegraphics[height=6em]{../../logo/garage_hires_crop.png}}
+ \end{center}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ S3: a de-facto standard, many compatible applications
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \visible<2->{MinIO is self-hostable but not suited for geo-distributed deployments}
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \visible<3->{\textbf{Garage is a self-hosted drop-in replacement for the Amazon S3 object store}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{CRDTs / weak consistency instead of consensus}
+
+ \underline{Internally, Garage uses only CRDTs} (conflict-free replicated data types)
+
+ \vspace{2em}
+ Why not Raft, Paxos, ...? Issues of consensus algorithms:
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item<2-> \textbf{Software complexity}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item<3-> \textbf{Performance issues:}
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item<4-> The leader is a \textbf{bottleneck} for all requests\\
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item<5-> \textbf{Sensitive to higher latency} between nodes
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item<6-> \textbf{Takes time to reconverge} when disrupted (e.g. node going down)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The data model of object storage}
+ Object storage is basically a \textbf{key-value store}:
+ \vspace{.5em}
+
+ {\scriptsize
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{|l|p{7cm}|}
+ \hline
+ \textbf{Key: file path + name} & \textbf{Value: file data + metadata} \\
+ \hline
+ \hline
+ \texttt{index.html} &
+ \texttt{Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8} \newline
+ \texttt{Content-Length: 24929} \newline
+ \texttt{<binary blob>} \\
+ \hline
+ \texttt{img/logo.svg} &
+ \texttt{Content-Type: text/svg+xml} \newline
+ \texttt{Content-Length: 13429} \newline
+ \texttt{<binary blob>} \\
+ \hline
+ \texttt{download/index.html} &
+ \texttt{Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8} \newline
+ \texttt{Content-Length: 26563} \newline
+ \texttt{<binary blob>} \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+ }
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item<2> Maps well to CRDT data types
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Performance gains in practice}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/perf/endpoint_latency_0.7_0.8_minio.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+% ======================================== TIMELINE
+% ======================================== TIMELINE
+% ======================================== TIMELINE
+
+\section{Recent developments}
+
+% ====================== v0.7.0 ===============================
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{April 2022 - Garage v0.7.0}
+ Focus on \underline{observability and ecosystem integration}
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{Monitoring:} metrics and traces, using OpenTelemetry
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Replication modes with 1 or 2 copies / weaker consistency
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Kubernetes integration for node discovery
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Admin API (v0.7.2)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Metrics (Prometheus + Grafana)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/grafana_dashboard.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Traces (Jaeger)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/jaeger_listobjects.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+% ====================== v0.8.0 ===============================
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{November 2022 - Garage v0.8.0}
+ Focus on \underline{performance}
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{Alternative metadata DB engines} (LMDB, Sqlite)
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item \textbf{Performance improvements:} block streaming, various optimizations...
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Bucket quotas (max size, max \#objects)
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Quality of life improvements, observability, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{About metadata DB engines}
+ \textbf{Issues with Sled:}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Huge files on disk
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item Unpredictable performance, especially on HDD
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item API limitations
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item Not actively maintained
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \textbf{LMDB:} very stable, good performance, file size is reasonable\\
+ \textbf{Sqlite} also available as a second choice
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ Sled will be removed in Garage v1.0
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DB engine performance comparison}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/perf/db_engine.png}
+ \end{center}
+ NB: Sqlite was slow due to synchronous mode, now configurable
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Block streaming}
+ \begin{center}
+ \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/schema-streaming-1.png}}
+ \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/schema-streaming-2.png}}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{TTFB benchmark}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/perf/ttfb.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Throughput benchmark}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{../assets/perf/io-0.7-0.8-minio.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+% ====================== v0.9.0 ===============================
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{October 2023 - Garage v0.9.0}
+ Focus on \underline{streamlining \& usability}
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Support multiple HDDs per node
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item S3 compatibility:
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item support basic lifecycle configurations
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item allow for multipart upload part retries
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item LMDB by default, deprecation of Sled
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item New layout computation algorithm
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Layout computation}
+ \begin{overprint}
+ \onslide<1>
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\linewidth, trim=0 0 0 -4cm]{../assets/screenshots/garage_status_0.9_prod_zonehl.png}
+ \end{center}
+ \onslide<2>
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.7\linewidth]{../assets/map.png}
+ \end{center}
+ \end{overprint}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ Garage stores replicas on different zones when possible
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{What a "layout" is}
+ \textbf{A layout is a precomputed index table:}
+ \vspace{1em}
+
+ {\footnotesize
+ \begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
+ \hline
+ \textbf{Partition} & \textbf{Node 1} & \textbf{Node 2} & \textbf{Node 3} \\
+ \hline
+ \hline
+ Partition 0 & df-ymk (bespin) & Abricot (scorpio) & Courgette (neptune) \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 1 & Ananas (scorpio) & Courgette (neptune) & df-ykl (bespin) \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 2 & df-ymf (bespin) & Celeri (neptune) & Abricot (scorpio) \\
+ \hline
+ \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ & \hspace{1em}$\vdots$ \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 255 & Concombre (neptune) & df-ykl (bespin) & Abricot (scorpio) \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{center}
+ }
+
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \visible<2->{
+ The index table is built centrally using an optimal algorithm,\\
+ then propagated to all nodes
+ }
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \visible<3->{
+ \footnotesize
+ Oulamara, M., \& Auvolat, A. (2023). \emph{An algorithm for geo-distributed and redundant storage in Garage}.\\ arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13798.
+ }
+\end{frame}
+
+
+
+% ====================== v0.10.0 ===============================
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{October 2023 - Garage v0.10.0 beta}
+ Focus on \underline{consistency}
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Fix consistency issues when reshuffling data
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Working with weak consistency}
+ Not using consensus limits us to the following:
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item<2-> \textbf{Conflict-free replicated data types} (CRDT)\\
+ \vspace{1em}
+ {\footnotesize Non-transactional key-value stores such as S3 are equivalent to a simple CRDT:\\
+ a map of \textbf{last-writer-wins registers} (each key is its own CRDT)}
+ \vspace{1.5em}
+ \item<3-> \textbf{Read-after-write consistency}\\
+ \vspace{1em}
+ {\footnotesize Can be implemented using quorums on read and write operations}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[t]
+ \frametitle{CRDT read-after-write consistency using quorums}
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ {\small
+ \textbf{Property:} If client 1 did an operation $write(x)$ and received an OK response,\\
+ \hspace{2cm} and client 2 starts an operation $read()$ after client 1 received OK,\\
+ \hspace{2cm} then client 2 will read a value $x' \sqsupseteq x$.
+ }
+
+ \vspace{1.5em}
+ \begin{overprint}
+ \onslide<2-9>
+ \begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \footnotesize
+ \def\svgwidth{.7\textwidth}
+ \only<2>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice1.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<3>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice2.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<4>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice3.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<5>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice4.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<6>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice5.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<7>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice6.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<8>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice7.pdf_tex}}%
+ \only<9>{\import{../assets/lattice/}{lattice8.pdf_tex}}%
+ \end{figure}
+
+ \onslide<10>
+ \begin{minipage}{.10\textwidth}
+ ~
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.40\textwidth}
+ \footnotesize
+ \textbf{Algorithm $write(x)$:}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item Broadcast $write(x)$ to all nodes
+ \item Wait for $k > n/2$ nodes to reply OK
+ \item Return OK
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.40\textwidth}
+ \footnotesize
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \textbf{Algorithm $read()$:}
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item Broadcast $read()$ to all nodes
+ \item Wait for $k > n/2$ nodes to reply\\
+ with values $x_1, \dots, x_k$
+ \item Return $x_1 \sqcup \dots \sqcup x_k$
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{overprint}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{A hard problem: layout changes}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item We rely on quorums $k > n/2$ within each partition:\\
+ $$n=3,~~~~~~~k\ge 2$$
+ \item<2-> When rebalancing, the set of nodes responsible for a partition can change:\\
+
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \begin{minipage}{.04\linewidth}~
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.40\linewidth}
+ {\tiny
+ \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
+ \hline
+ \textbf{Partition} & \textbf{Node 1} & \textbf{Node 2} & \textbf{Node 3} \\
+ \hline
+ \hline
+ Partition 0 & \textcolor{Crimson}{df-ymk} & Abricot & \textcolor{Crimson}{Courgette} \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 1 & Ananas & \textcolor{Crimson}{Courgette} & \textcolor{Crimson}{df-ykl} \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 2 & \textcolor{Crimson}{df-ymf} & \textcolor{Crimson}{Celeri} & Abricot \\
+ \hline
+ \hspace{1em}$\dots$ & \hspace{1em}$\dots$ & \hspace{1em}$\dots$ & \hspace{1em}$\dots$ \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+ }
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.04\linewidth}
+ $\to$
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.40\linewidth}
+ {\tiny
+ \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}
+ \hline
+ \textbf{Partition} & \textbf{Node 1} & \textbf{Node 2} & \textbf{Node 3} \\
+ \hline
+ \hline
+ Partition 0 & \textcolor{ForestGreen}{Dahlia} & Abricot & \textcolor{ForestGreen}{Eucalyptus} \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 1 & Ananas & \textcolor{ForestGreen}{Euphorbe} & \textcolor{ForestGreen}{Doradille} \\
+ \hline
+ Partition 2 & \textcolor{ForestGreen}{Dahlia} & \textcolor{ForestGreen}{Echinops} & Abricot \\
+ \hline
+ \hspace{1em}$\dots$ & \hspace{1em}$\dots$ & \hspace{1em}$\dots$ & \hspace{1em}$\dots$ \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+ }
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \item<3-> During the rebalancing, new nodes don't yet have the data,\\
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and old nodes want to get rid of the data to free up space\\
+ \vspace{1.2em}
+ $\to$ risk of inconsistency, \textbf{how to coordinate?}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Handling layout changes without losing consistency}
+ \begin{minipage}{.55\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{Solution:}\\
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item keep track of data transfer to new nodes
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item use multiple write quorums\\
+ (new nodes + old nodes\\
+ while data transfer is in progress)
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item switching reads to new nodes\\
+ only once copy is finished
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item \textbf{Implemented} in v0.10
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item \textbf{Validated} with Jepsen testing
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.23\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]{../assets/jepsen-0.9.png}\\
+ {\footnotesize Garage v0.9.0}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=3cm]{../assets/jepsen-0.10.png}\\
+ {\footnotesize Garage v0.10 beta}
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{frame}
+
+% ====================== v0.10.0 ===============================
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{../assets/timeline-22-24.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Towards v1.0...}
+ Focus on \underline{security \& stability}
+ \vspace{2em}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{Security audit} in progress by Radically Open Security
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Misc. S3 features (SSE-C, ...) and compatibility fixes
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Improve UX
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Fix bugs
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{...and beyond!}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/survey_requested_features.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+% ======================================== OPERATING
+% ======================================== OPERATING
+% ======================================== OPERATING
+
+
+\section{Operating big Garage clusters}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Operating Garage}
+ \begin{center}
+ \only<1-2>{
+ \includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_status_0.10.png}
+ \\\vspace{1em}
+ \visible<2>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_status_unhealthy_0.10.png}}
+ }
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Garage's architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{../assets/garage.drawio.pdf}}%
+ \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/garage_sync.drawio.pdf}}%
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Digging deeper}
+ \begin{center}
+ \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_stats_0.10.png}}
+ \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_worker_list_0.10.png}}
+ \only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{../assets/screenshots/garage_worker_param_0.10.png}}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Potential limitations and bottlenecks}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Global:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Max. $\sim$100 nodes per cluster (excluding gateways)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Metadata:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One big bucket = bottleneck, object list on 3 nodes only
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{1em}
+ \item Block manager:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lots of small files on disk
+ \item Processing the resync queue can be slow
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Deployment advice for very large clusters}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Metadata storage:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item ZFS mirror (x2) on fast NVMe
+ \item Use LMDB storage engine
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item Data block storage:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Use Garage's native multi-HDD support
+ \item XFS on individual drives
+ \item Increase block size (1MB $\to$ 10MB, requires more RAM and good networking)
+ \item Tune \texttt{resync-tranquility} and \texttt{resync-worker-count} dynamically
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \item Other :
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Split data over several buckets
+ \item Use less than 100 storage nodes
+ \item Use gateway nodes
+ \end{itemize}
+ \vspace{.5em}
+ \end{itemize}
+ Our deployments: $< 10$ TB. Some people have done more!
+\end{frame}
+
+
+% ======================================== END
+% ======================================== END
+% ======================================== END
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Where to find us}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=.25\linewidth]{../../logo/garage_hires.png}\\
+ \vspace{-1em}
+ \url{https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/}\\
+ \url{mailto:garagehq@deuxfleurs.fr}\\
+ \texttt{\#garage:deuxfleurs.fr} on Matrix
+
+ \vspace{1.5em}
+ \includegraphics[width=.06\linewidth]{../assets/logos/rust_logo.png}
+ \includegraphics[width=.13\linewidth]{../assets/logos/AGPLv3_Logo.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+
+%% vim: set ts=4 sw=4 tw=0 noet spelllang=en :